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Site Design Group：普尔曼国家历史公园是美国芝加哥南区的一处建筑瑰宝。作为一座公司式城镇，普尔曼见证了当地工业制造和铁路运输的发展历程、规划成就、劳动法奠基，也见证了非裔美国公民自由的进步。经过50多年的社区组织和倡导，普尔曼于2015年被指定为国家纪念地，成为美国首批“国家城市公园”之一，最近又于 2023 年重新被指定为国家历史公园。如今，这座 19 世纪的古老城镇已成为芝加哥一个以历史保护而闻名的多元活力社区。
Site Design Group: The Pullman National Historical Park is an architectural treasure of Chicago’s South Side. Built as a company town, Pullman provided the setting for the evolution of industrial manufacturing and railroad transportation, achievements in town planning, the foundation of US labor law, and the advancement of civil liberties for African Americans. After over 55 years of community organizing and advocacy, Pullman was designated a National Monument in 2015, one of the first “National Urban Parks” in America, and most recently, rededicated as a National Historical Park in 2023. Today, this 19th-century historic manufacturing town is a diverse and vibrant Chicago neighborhood with a reputation for strong preservation advocacy.
↑ 并非追求一尘不染的干净与精致，而是还原公共生活本质，吸引人们愉悦的停憩
▽项目视频 video
2015年指定为国家纪念地之后，芝加哥建筑师协会和国家公园保护协会组织了一场为期三天的社区研讨会，有40名志愿建筑师、景观设计师、城市规划师、经济学家和工程师参与共同探讨普尔曼的未来。超过400名当地倡导者和居民参与了与芝加哥设计界就如何在利用新的国家公园地位推进社区发展目标的同时提升公园游客体验的讨论。
Following the designation in 2015, AIA Chicago and the National Parks Conservation Association led a three-day community workshop with 40 volunteer architects, landscape architects, city planners, economists, and engineers to address the future of Pullman. Over 400 local advocates and residents participated in discussions with the Chicago design community regarding opportunities for enhancing the park visitor experience while leveraging the new national designation to advance community development goals.
2015年发布的催化计划《定位普尔曼》确立了一个持续的跨部门和社区利益相关者参与框架。该计划已促使超过 5600 万美元的公共和私人投资进入这个历史上服务不足且处于不利地位的社区，其中包括普尔曼国家历史公园游客中心及场地，该中心将具有历史意义且标志性的普尔曼行政大楼和工厂场地改造成了一个充满活力的新公共空间。
整个12英亩的棕地场地得到了修复，并且场地和建筑的设计是与历史学家共同开发的，注重历史传承。场地设计集团与建筑师和文化景观历史学家密切合作，主导了外部场地设计。1500 万美元的场地开发包括三个主要区域：前广场、转运场和公园。
The catalytic plan, Positioning Pullman, was published in 2015, and established a framework for ongoing inter-agency and community stakeholder participation. It has led to more than $56M of public and private investment in a historically underserved and disadvantaged community, including the Pullman National Historical Park Visitor Center and Grounds that rehabilitated the historic and iconic Pullman Administrative Building and Factory Grounds into a vibrant new public space.
The entire 12-acre brownfield site was remediated and a historically-minded design for the site and building was collaboratively developed. Site Design Group led the exterior site design in close collaboration with the architects and a cultural landscape historian. The $15M site development features three primary areas: The Front Yard, The Transfer Pit, and The Park.
前广场是围绕着雨水设施打造的田园风景。设计从历史悠久的湖景以及周边的小径和花坛中汲取灵感，通过层层耐寒且易于养护的多年生植物来重现历史上的植物种类、形态和规模。这里选种包括北美皂荚（Catalpa speciosa）、肯塔基咖啡树（Gymnocladus diocus ‘Espresso’）、绣球花（Hydrangea aborescens ‘Annabelle’、Hydrangea paniculata ‘Jane’）和马克斯·弗雷天竺葵（Geranium sanguineum ‘Max Frei’）。
The Front Yard consists of a pastoral landscape built around a stormwater facility. The landscape design drew inspiration from the historic Lake Vista and the surrounding pathways and garden beds through layers of hardy, low maintenance perennials that mimic historic species, shape, and massing. Selected Front Yard species include Northern Catalpa (Catalpa speciosa), Kentucky Coffee Tree (Gymnocladus diocus ‘Espresso’), Hydrangea (Hydrangea aborescens ‘Annabelle’, Hydrangea paniculata ‘Jane’), and Max Frei Geranium (Geranium sanguineum ‘Max Frei’).
中间的转运场重点表现这一空间的历史过往，将其打造为公园历史诠释的核心景观点。景观设计对铁路沿线可能生长的城市野生植物采取一种风格化的呈现手法。所选植物品种具有多季观赏价值、耐寒性、耐旱性，且能减少养护需求，包括鹿角枫（Rhus typhina ‘Bailtiger’）、小薄荷（Calamintha nepeta ssp. Nepeta）、紫锥菊（Echinacea purpurea）、柳枝稷（Panicum virgatum ‘Shenandoah’）和小蓝茎（Schizachyrium scoparium）等。在750英尺长的步道上，结合解说牌向游客介绍工厂的运作情况。
The Transfer Pit recreated the historical functionality of this space, turning it into a high-performance landscape that is central to the park’s historical interpretation. The landscape design is a stylized take on an urban-wild planting that one might find growing along a railroad corridor. Species were selected for multi-seasonal interest, hardiness, drought tolerance, and to reduce maintenance needs, including Staghorn Sumac (Rhus typhina ‘Bailtiger’), Lesser Calamint (Calamintha nepeta ssp. Nepeta), Coneflower (Echinacea purpurea), Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum ‘Shenandoah’), and Little Bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium). Along the 750-foot-long walkway, interpretive signs educate visitors about the factory operations.
后部公园围绕着工厂装配车间的原生布局而设计，为聚会和活动提供场所。在开阔地带种植许多新树，以及由乔木、常绿植物、灌木、观赏草和多年生植物组成混合隔离带。其中丰富多样的植物种类和品种为相邻的建筑之间营造四季皆宜的生活背景。主要树种包括沼泽白橡树（Quercus bicolor）、紫荆（Cerciscanadensis）、无刺山楂（Crataegus crus-galli var. inermis）和黑果荚蒾（Viburnum prunifolium）。
The Park is designed around the historic footprint of the rear erecting shops with opportunities for gatherings and events. The landscape design includes many new trees in the open field and a mixed screening border of trees, evergreens, shrubs, ornamental grasses, and perennials. The wide variety of plant types and species in the border establishes a multi-season backdrop between adjacent properties. Key species include Swamp White Oak (Quercus bicolor), Eastern Redbud (Cercis canadensis), Thornless Cockspur Hawthorn (Crataegus crus-galli var. inermis), and Blackhaw Viburnum (Vibumum prunifolium).
而访客中心的一大特色是采用了最佳的雨水管理措施。这里90%的雨水都能被收集、渗透或在园区内再利用，减轻对芝加哥合流制下水道网络的影响。其特色在于种植的本地植物既可以收集雨水径流，又能保持全年色相。精心设计的雨水沟渠，以及在占地多英亩的场地内广泛使用透水铺路石和蓄水池，也是对1880年代原前草坪蓄水池的再现。
Stormwater best management practices are a feature component of the Visitor Center. Ninety percent (90%) of all stormwater is captured, infiltrated and/or reused on site to mitigate impacts to the Chicago combined sewer network. Features include native plantings that collect stormwater run-off and provide year-round color, sculpted stormwater swales, an interpretation of the original 1880-era front lawn detention pond, and extensive use of permeable pavers and cisterns across the multi-acre site.
2021年9月6日，游客中心正式向公众开放，社区超过140年历史的下一篇章就此开启。经过数十年的倡导和组织工作，普尔曼国家历史公园成为社区持续参与、文化传承倡导和建筑保护的催化剂，同时展示了设计专业人士在塑造和支持他们生活和工作所在社区方面所能发挥的作用。
The Visitor Center opened to the public on Labor Day, September 6, 2021, and the next chapter of the community’s over 140-year history began. Following decades of advocacy and organizing, The Pullman National Historical Park serves as a catalyst for ongoing community engagement, cultural heritage advocacy, and architectural preservation, and showcases the role design professionals can play in shaping and supporting the communities they live and work in.
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