美国宾夕法尼亚大学景观与区域规划教授兼前系主任、著名苏格兰景观设计师伊恩·麦克哈格（Ian McHarg）教授是全球环境保护运动最具影响力的一位人物，他于1969年出版的《设计结合自然》（Design with Nature）一书开创了生态规划的思想理念，阐述了人与自然不可分割的依存关系，提出了生态景观设计与可持续性区域规划的方法，引发了公众对于环境议题的广泛关注。
The professor and chair of landscape and regional planning at the University of Pennsylvania in the United States, an illustrious Scottish-American ecologist and landscape architect, Professor Ian McHarg was one of the most influential persons in the global environmental movement. His 1969 book Design with Nature pioneered the concept of ecological planning, elaborated on the inseparable interdependence between humanity and nature, and brought environmental planning methods into the mainstream of landscape architecture, city planning and public policy, and ecological concerns into broad public awareness.
▽伊恩·麦克哈格-宾夕法尼亚大学建筑档案馆伊恩-L麦克哈格藏品 Ian McHarg – lan L. McHarg Collection, The Architectural Archives, University of Pennsylvania
▽《设计结合自然》第一版封面-1969年宾夕法尼亚大学建筑档案馆伊恩-L麦克哈格藏品 The Cover of the First Edition of Design with Nature-lan L. McHarg Collection, The Architectural Archives, University of Pennsylvania, 1969
为纪念这部具有里程碑意义著作出版55周年，东南大学建筑学院与宾夕法尼亚大学魏茨曼设计学院联合举办“当今之设计结合自然”（Design with Nature Now）的亚洲巡展·南京首站；并联合举办了主题为“人工自然——跨越人工与自然的对立”的暑假学校。
To commemorate the 55th anniversary of the publication of this milestone work, the School of Architecture, Southeast University and the Stuart Weitzman School of Design, University of Pennsylvania jointly organized the “Design with Nature Now” Asia tour, with Nanjing as the first stop. They are also co-hosting a summer school-themed “ARTIFICIAL NATURE: Towards Overcoming the Opposition Between Artifice and Nature.”
▽“当今之设计结合自然”的亚洲巡展·南京首站照片 Photographs from the first stop in Nanjing of the Asia Tour Exhibition “Design with Nature Now”
活动主题 Theme
在不同职业领域和学术门类中，传统意义上对人工世界与自然世界的简单而绝对的划分，已经很难令人信服。截然两分的认知方式被完全摒弃。例如，生态学作为曾经研究自然栖息地的科学，将其研究范围扩展到人类相关，比如文化；另一方面，人类学和人文学科却又越来越“环境化”，通常被认为属于设计艺术的城市设计，则已然把对景观的设计和理解当作自己的核心命题。我们呼吸的空气、饮用的水、食用的食物以及居住的景观，无不是人工的产物。那种关于存在一个原始而透明的自然的旧有观念，已是一场梦境的终曲。
Across the spectrum of contemporary professions and academic disciplines, the age-old categorical distinction between dimensions of the world that have come into being through one or another of the arts and those that have not is becoming less and less plausible. In many cases, the distinction is simply rejected. Ecology, for example, once a science of natural habitats, has extended its proper subject matter to include human affairs, which is to say culture, just as anthropology and the humanities have become environmental, and a design art like urbanism has become a matter of landscape design and understanding. The air we breathe, the water we drink, the food we eat, and the landscapes we inhabit are outcomes of human making. The old notion of pristine nature is a dream dreamt out.
▽BEYOND STONE：Crossing Material Boundaries
2024年的暑期学校，东南大学和宾夕法尼亚大学的青年学子交叉组队，形成十个研学小组，参与了以工作坊形式展开的一系列学术活动。旨在通过对几个中国城市中经过精心挑选的建筑、景观和城市设计作品的记录和解读，让同学们思考和跟进这些前沿观念。它们或许激进，但却反映和代表了新的趋势。中美学生走进南京、上海、苏州、扬州等中国城市，对代表性的建筑、景观和城市设计作品进行调研、记录和解读，对相关前沿理念开展研讨。通过亲身考察，以自己的视角记录与研读，深入理解这些典范性项目，共同研讨生态环境可持续发展的全球议题与设计实践。
In the summer of 2024, students from Southeast University and the University of Pennsylvania will form ten interdisciplinary research teams to participate in a series of workshops. The goal is to engage with cutting-edge concepts by documenting and interpreting selected architectural, landscape, and urban design projects in Nanjing, Shanghai, Suzhou, and Yangzhou. These projects, while potentially radical, reflect emerging trends. By conducting field investigations and analyzing these exemplary projects, students will gain a deep understanding of the designs and discuss global issues and sustainable ecological development practices.
活动成果 Outcomes
如何“跨越人工与自然的对立”？暑假学校的最终成果从5个方面给予了探索性回答，
1.考虑项目的建造：取自现场的本地材料和在外地生产或制造后带到此地的材料，它们之间是什么关系（如连接形式或连接点）？
2.考虑项目的使用模式：设计所预期的人类行为和场景体验，如何通过周围的环境条件得到维持和延续？
3.考虑项目的空间布局：设计中的哪些元素和部位，揭示了设计师对本地和远地的事件及时间之间特定关系的认知？
4.考虑项目形式、外观和用途的整体一致性：哪些具体迹象表明建筑、景观和城市设计之间的边界已然模糊？
5.考虑项目需要应对的当代现实与其场地既有环境之间的关系：设计中的哪些地方、形式和细节，展示了其对历史状况或先在条件的创造性转化？
How can we “overcome the opposition between artifice and nature”? The outcomes of the summer school provided exploratory answers from five topics:
1.Considering the construction of a project, what are the relationships (joints or forms of connection) between materials that are local to the work and those that have been brought there after being produced or manufactured elsewhere?
2.Considering the patterns of use accommodated by the project, how are the forms of human behavior and experience intended by the design sustained and enriched by ambient environmental conditions?
3.Considering the spatial arrangements of the project, which elements and places of the design indicate the designer’s awareness of specific relationships between local and remote phenomena and occurrences?
4.Considering the overall coherence of the project’s form, appearance, and uses, what are some of the specific indications of a non-distinction between architecture, landscape architecture, and urban design?
5.Considering the relationship between the project’s contemporary reality and the historical precedents that define its location, what are the places, forms, and details of the design that show the creative transformation of historical or pre-existing conditions?
01. THE CONSTRUCTION
团队旨在探索东西方对建筑和自然环境的不同理解。通过创建三维模型，比较了学生们对虎丘、拙政园和明孝陵等名胜的解读。结果显示，学生们对这些地点的看法存在显著差异。此研究方法有效促进了跨文化对话，打破了传统的二元对立思维。
The team aimed to explore the differing understandings of architecture and the natural environment between Eastern and Western students. By creating 3D models, they compared students’ interpretations of famous sites such as Tiger Hill, the Humble Administrator’s Garden, and the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum. The results showed significant differences in students’ perceptions of these locations. This research method effectively promoted cross-cultural dialogue, breaking down traditional binary oppositional thinking.
▽BREAKING BINARIES: Modeling Perception of Time, Place, and Materials
团队探讨了中国古今园林中石头的应用及其文化意义，详细分析了石头在园林设计中的多种用途，并指出石头应用中的生态可持续性、材料多样性以及文化创新，体现了对自然美和文化遗产的持续追求。
The team explored the application and cultural significance of stones in Chinese gardens, both ancient and modern. They conducted a detailed analysis of the various uses of stones in garden design, highlighting ecological sustainability, material diversity, and cultural innovation in their application. This reflects a continued pursuit of natural beauty and cultural heritage.
02. THE PATTERNS OF USE
团队从物形、文化和感官三个层面剖析了边界的特性和人们与边界的互动方式，揭示了边界在建筑设计中的重要性。模糊的边界能激发人们探索新地点并观察变化，从而更深刻地认识到自己与自然的紧密联系。
The team analyzed the characteristics of boundaries and people’s interactions with them from three perspectives: physical, cultural, and sensory. They revealed the importance of boundaries in architectural design. Blurred boundaries can inspire people to explore new places and observe changes, leading to a deeper understanding of their close connection with nature.
▽DIFFUSED BOUNDARIES: Experiential study of Interactions between the artificial and natural
▽WATER IS LIFE: Jiangnan Waterscape Expo
团队探索了中国“山水”艺术风格，聚焦于水与景观的互动。无论是现代水景还是传统园林中的水元素，都承载着深厚的文化与自然意义。团队还通过艺术创作表达了水带给人们的情感体验，强调水作为生命之源的重要性。
The team explored the Chinese “Shan Shui” (landscape) art style, focusing on the interaction between water and the landscape. Both modern water features and traditional garden water elements carry profound cultural and natural significance. Through artistic creations, the team expressed the emotional experiences water brings to people, emphasizing its importance as the source of life.
03. THE SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT
团队聚焦于人类与自然互动的设计策略，通过“借景互动”理念，探讨设计师如何精心策划人与自然交流的时刻；分析空间序列与层次深度，揭示互动点的具体体现，以及历史与现状的对比，深入探索园林设计的深层意义。
The team focused on design strategies for human interaction with nature through the concept of “borrowed scenery interaction.” They explored how designers meticulously plan moments of interaction between people and nature, analyzing spatial sequences and depth to reveal specific instances of interaction. The team also contrasted historical and contemporary examples to deeply explore the profound meanings of garden design.
▽FROM HERE TO THERE: Distant Attraction
团队以拙政园为例，探讨了园林如何通窗户、屏风等元素的运用，实现空间的切割与视觉的框定；从而引导观者聚焦于每一细节之美，将情感融入设计，激发观者的想象力与创造力。
Using the Humble Administrator’s Garden as an example, the team explored how gardens utilize elements such as windows and screens to achieve spatial segmentation and visual framing. This guides viewers to focus on the beauty of each detail, integrating emotion into the design and inspiring the viewers’ imagination and creativity.
▽IN BETWEEN: Dreams and Reality
04. THE OVERALL COHERENCE OF THE PROJECT‘S FORM, APPEARANCE, AND USES
团队通过多尺度的分析，从场地规划到建筑细节，再到街道和邻里环境，揭示了自然元素与人类体验在塑造和谐空间中的核心作用；强调了学科之间的内在联系，为跨学科设计提供了新的视角和灵感。
Through multi-scale analysis, the team revealed the core role of natural elements and human experience in shaping harmonious spaces, from site planning to architectural details and neighborhood environments. They emphasized the intrinsic connections between disciplines, offering new perspectives and inspiration for interdisciplinary design.
▽BEYOND BOUNDARIES: Between Artifice and Nature
团队聚焦于中国传统与现代景观设计中水的角色与影响，探讨其与建筑、景观及城市设计的紧密关系，以及在现代城市设计中如何塑造空间、增强生态联系；同时强调了水在中国经济文化发展中的重要作用。
The team focused on the role and impact of water in traditional and modern Chinese landscape design, exploring its close relationship with architecture, landscape, and urban design. They examined how water shapes spaces and enhances ecological connections in modern urban design, while also emphasizing its significant role in China’s economic and cultural development.
▽DESIGN WITH SHUI: EXPLORING THE INTERCONNECTIONS BETWEEN LANDSCAPE, ARCHITECTURE, AND URBAN DESIGN
05. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PROJECT’S CONTEMPORARY REALITY AND THE HISTORICAL PRECEDENTS
团队通过分析结构、材料与活动三个维度，探讨传统与现代如何在建筑设计中和谐共存。团队挖掘了自然元素与动物意象在建筑中的独特作用；庭院如何延续传统并适应现代生活；以及承载历史的意义外部景观，如塔，如何成为城市新焦点。
The team explored how tradition and modernity coexist harmoniously in architectural design by analyzing three dimensions: structure, materials, and activities. They investigated the unique role of natural elements and animal imagery in architecture, how courtyards can preserve tradition while adapting to modern life, and how historically significant external landscapes, such as towers, can become new urban focal points.
▽WHEN HISTORY MEETS HISTORY: The Transformation of Elements in Historic Chinese Gardens
设计空间不仅是建筑师理念和原则的体现，也是与周围环境互动的结果。团队通过苏州博物馆、拙政园、方塔园、三山岛等案例，展现了从人类中心主义到强调生态修复和文化保护并重的转变，洞察人类如何与自然和谐共存。
Designing space is not only a reflection of architects’ concepts and principles but also a result of interaction with the surrounding environment. Through case studies such as the Suzhou Museum, the Humble Administrator’s Garden, Fangta Park, and Sanshan Island, the team showcased the shift from anthropocentrism to a balanced emphasis on ecological restoration and cultural preservation, providing insights into how humans can coexist harmoniously with nature.
▽WORKS AND WORLDS: Design at the Intersection of Culture + Ecology
结语 Conclusion
旧有的两分思维虽与今天越发无关，但因其根深蒂固，甚难克服。改变这种状况最好从起点处开始，这也成为工作坊的一个前提性认识：学生们通过亲身考察，以自己的视角去记录和研读，来深入理解这些典范性项目。简言之，工作坊是一个调动全部身心的研绘练习，重新思考人工与自然之间的二元区分。
Well-established but increasingly less relevant habits of thought are not easily overcome. A premise of the Workshop is that it is best to begin at the beginning: how designers understand exemplary projects by recording and interpreting what they see—and see for themselves. The Workshop, in short, is an exercise in surveying.
Director: Tong Zhang, Fredrick Steiner
Academic Advisors：David Leatherbarrow
Coordinators: Zhongjie Lin, Yonggao Shi
Instructors: Southeast University: Jun Cao, Gaochao Zhang, Tao Shou, Yipeng Wang, Chu Chu, Lin Wang
University of Pennsylvania: Yadan Luo
Students:
BREAKING BINARIES: Modeling Perception of Time, Place, and Materials
Southeast University: Qianwen Ding, Qianhui Wang, Haoning Li, Huiying Zhan
University of Pennsylvania: Carlotta de Bellis, Gianna Paglia, Robert Levinthal
BEYOND STONE: Crossing Material Boundaries
Southeast University: Yilun Cao, Feiyu Zhao, Yuzhen Liu, Hongbu Wang
University of Pennsylvania: Anne Parker, Cate Orchard, Zihan (Henry) Wei
DIFFUSED BOUNDARIES: Experiential study of Interactions between the artificial and natural
Southeast University: Xin Du, Ruizhe Wang, Ye Tang, Mengyao Zhang
University of Pennsylvania: Andreina Sojo Faria, Clarasophia Gust, Siyu (Jasmine) Wu
WATER IS LIFE: Jiangnan Waterscape Expo
Southeast University: Yanxiang Yang, Shuyao Ren, Sijia Fan
University of Pennsylvania: Alexandra Hayes, Jesus Frias, Rachel Aaronson, Sierra Caley
FROM HERE TO THERE: Distant Attraction
Southeast University: Rongqian Qiu, Yuhao Cheng, Yinan Chen, Zihao Dai
University of Pennsylvania: Charles Starks, Maria Fairchild, Brianna Belo
IN BETWEEN: Dreams and Reality
Southeast University: Yi He, Yiting Wu, Yunshu Yang
University of Pennsylvania: Anwen Kelly, Brenton Cai, Courtney Ward, Yalei Zhu
BEYOND BOUNDARIES: Between Artifice and Nature
Southeast University: Zhen Lei, Lingzhi Xu, Zixuan Aisin Gioro
University of Pennsylvania: Alexa Ringer, Jordan Arden, Julius Quartey-Papafio, Lillian Zhang
DESIGN WITH SHUI: EXPLORING THE INTERCONNECTIONS BETWEEN LANDSCAPE, ARCHITECTURE, AND URBAN DESIGN
Southeast University: Yan Peng, Yuning Zhuang, Yunlong Liu
University of Pennsylvania: Chesa Wang, Lahy Amman, Miranda Ayres, Ruby Nwaebube, Jichu Zhang
Acknowledgements:
Suzhou Municipal People’s Government
Yangzhou Municipal People’s Government
Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum Administration Bureau
Jinling STYLE
Jiangsu Zhusen Architecture Design Co., LTD
审稿编辑：Maggie
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