作者介绍：
俞昌斌，上海易亚源境创始人及首席设计师，乡聚公社创始人
杨晓青，上海大观设计工作室主持设计师
陈远博士，上海乡聚创始人
俞兆鹏, Bachelor of Advanced Computing and Commerce，University of Sydney, 乡聚公社联合创始人
李泓，乡聚公社意大利米兰及威尼斯联络人
关键词六个趋势
1、自然（生态适应与气候响应）：景观作为整个系统的发动引擎，建筑作为功能单元
2、共创的城市——集体创作、公众参与、社区营造及吸引人口净流入
3、可食景观与乡村振兴
3.1、可食景观：民以食为天
3.2、到乡村去，景观师大有可为
4、景观行业的文化与艺术传承：国际化与地域性
5、材料革新与循环经济：景观行业的资源重塑
6、人工智能与景观教育
6.1、个人——人工智能带来新的产业革命
6.2、个人——景观教育趋势
一、深度参与威双（VBA）和巴双（BAP）两大双年展
2025年6月18-20号我和老杨带领团队一行5人受邀参加法国大巴黎地区建筑景观双年展（Biennale d’Architecture et de Paysage d’Île-de-France，BAP，下文简称“巴双（BAP）”），与法国著名的景观设计事务所Agence TER岱禾（以下简称“岱禾（TER）”）三位创始人Henri Bava, Michel Hossler, Olivier Philippe及中国区总代表黄明莉女士开会座谈，并参观巴黎地区最新的几个景观项目，如巴黎马丁·路德金公园及周边社区、巴黎市新法院建筑设计、圣马丁运河两岸改造、Les Halles 城市更新区（Westfield商业综合体开发）、圣-图恩/塞纳河码头公园、Terrain des essences（Aire de jeux des essences）公园等。20号我们上午参观凡尔赛宫，下午及晚上在凡尔赛宫“国王的菜园”参加巴双（BAP）景观师的圆桌会议、并聆听在湖畔树林的演讲及观看艺术家的行为艺术表演。
From June 18 to 20, 2025, Yang and I led a team of five people to attend the Biennale d’Architecture et de Paysage d’Île-de-France (BAP) in the Greater Paris region, by invitation. We held meetings and discussions with the three founders of the well-known French landscape design firm Agence TER — Henri Bava, Michel Hossler, and Olivier Philippe — as well as Ms. Huang Mingli, General Representative for China. We also visited several of the latest landscape projects in the Paris area, including Martin Luther King Park and its surrounding communities, the new Paris courthouse design, the redevelopment of the Saint-Martin Canal banks, the Les Halles urban renewal area (Westfield commercial complex development), the Saint-Ouen/Saint-Denis Seine riverfront park, and the Terrain des Essences (Aire de jeux des essences) park. On the 20th, we visited the Palace of Versailles in the morning, and in the afternoon and evening we joined BAP’s landscape architects’ roundtable at the “King’s Vegetable Garden” in Versailles, attended a lecture by the lakeside in the woods, and watched performance art by artists.
▽法国巴黎凡尔赛宫
▽凡尔赛宫国王菜园的鸟瞰照片
▽国王菜园实景
▽团队一行在巴黎凡尔赛宫国王的菜园参加巴双（BAP）圆桌会议
▽团队一行到TER巴黎总部，与三位创始人及中国区总代表合影
6月21-24号我们团队一行离开巴黎来到威尼斯，参与威尼斯建筑双年展（Venice Biennale Architettura 2025: Intelligens. Natural. Artificial. Collective.，VBA，下文简称“威双（VBA）”，策展周期为5.10-11.23）的相关活动威尼斯艺术之夜（Art Night Venice 2025）。该活动为威尼斯市政府、威尼托大区及威尼斯大学联合主办，一年一次，以夏至日为主，主题为“艺术无界”理念，强调包容性与多元文化对话，部分活动纪念马可·波罗逝世700周年，突出东西方文化交流。我们崇明乡聚公社受“艺术之夜”的邀请在威尼斯主街上著名的Multimedial Laboratory Art Conservation历史建筑修复工作室进行布展，主题为“补集：大上海的小幸福”，我作为乡聚公社主理人及易亚源境创始人，联合老杨的大观设计、华润置地“润泽美好”社区营造团队从“儿童在乡村、儿童在校园及儿童在社区”三个版块探讨上海大都市的“儿童友好”城市设计趋势。
From June 18 to 20, 2025, Yang and I led a team of five people to attend the Biennale d’Architecture et de Paysage d’Île-de-France (BAP) in the Greater Paris region, by invitation. We held meetings and discussions with the three founders of the well-known French landscape design firm Agence TER — Henri Bava, Michel Hossler, and Olivier Philippe — as well as Ms. Huang Mingli, General Representative for China. We also visited several of the latest landscape projects in the Paris area, including Martin Luther King Park and its surrounding communities, the new Paris courthouse design, the redevelopment of the Saint-Martin Canal banks, the Les Halles urban renewal area (Westfield commercial complex development), the Saint-Ouen/Saint-Denis Seine riverfront park, and the Terrain des Essences (Aire de jeux des essences) park. On the 20th, we visited the Palace of Versailles in the morning, and in the afternoon and evening we joined BAP’s landscape architects’ roundtable at the “King’s Vegetable Garden” in Versailles, attended a lecture by the lakeside in the woods, and watched performance art by artists.
二、全球景观行业趋势的融合与分野：威双（VBA）与巴双（BAP）的对比
从这两大展览，我们可以发现国际景观（建筑）界对行业未来发展的思考方向。
1. 主题定位的区别——巴双（BAP）以“生生不息的城市(乡村)”为主题，威双（VBA）以“智能、自然、人工、集体”为主题。前者更强调人与自然的和谐关系，后者则更关注技术与文化的创造性融合。
2. 展览形式和组织结构各具特色——巴双（BAP）将会场设在凡尔赛宫的多个历史场所，如国王菜园、旧邮局等，利用这些场地本身独一无二的景观特征强化展览主题。而威双（VBA）则采用了更分散的布局，除传统的绿园城堡和军械库展区外，还通过“生活实验室（Living Lab）”概念将展览扩展到整个威尼斯城区。
3. 地域特色在两大展览中都有鲜明体现，但表现方式不同——巴双（BAP）深根于法国的景观设计传统，岱禾（TER）的策展强调“景观设计不仅仅是空间的问题，更与环境、生活以及社会议题紧密相关”。威双（VBA）则通过自然、个人、集体、外太空、生活实验室及国家馆等展现全球多样性。
4. 对行业未来的探索路径也有所不同——巴双（BAP）注重专业实践的转型，通过“教育与气候”等圆桌论坛直接影响景观设计师的培养方式和职业标准。威双（VBA）则更侧重思想启发和愿景展示，通过前沿实验拓展景观（建筑）行业的可能性边界。
5. 两大展览在面对全球挑战时展现出显著的共识——气候变化是两者共同关注的核心问题，只是回应方式不同：巴双（BAP）更侧重通过景观系统增强生态韧性，而威双（VBA）则更关注通过建筑及景观的材料、技术的创新来适应气候变化。
6. 多种可能性的融会贯通——从历史视角看，巴双（BAP，始于2019年）相对年轻，但已凭借其聚焦生态转型的清晰定位，迅速成为与历史悠久的建筑类威双（VAB，始于1980年）并驾齐驱的重要平台。两者的共存与对话，恰恰反映了当代景观（建筑）行业的丰富性。
1. Difference in theme positioning — BAP takes “Everlasting City (and Countryside)” as its theme, while VBA focuses on “Intelligens. Natural. Artificial. Collective.” The former emphasizes the harmonious relationship between people and nature, while the latter pays more attention to the creative integration of technology and culture.
2. Exhibition format and organizational structure — BAP sets its venues in several historic sites of the Palace of Versailles, such as the King’s Vegetable Garden and the Old Post Office, using their unique landscape features to reinforce the exhibition theme. VBA, on the other hand, adopts a more dispersed layout: in addition to the traditional Giardini and Arsenale venues, it expands across the entire city of Venice through the “Living Lab” concept.
3. Regional characteristics are evident in both exhibitions but expressed differently — BAP is deeply rooted in the French tradition of landscape design, with Agence TER’s curation stressing that “landscape design is not only a matter of space, but is closely connected to environment, life, and social issues.” VBA showcases global diversity through themes such as Nature, Individual, Collective, Outer Space, Living Lab, and national pavilions.
4. Different approaches to exploring the industry’s future — BAP focuses on the transformation of professional practice, directly influencing the training and professional standards of landscape designers through roundtables on “Education and Climate.” VBA places greater emphasis on inspiration and vision, pushing the boundaries of possibility in the landscape (and architecture) field through cutting-edge experiments.
5. A shared consensus in facing global challenges — Climate change is the core concern for both, but their responses differ: BAP emphasizes enhancing ecological resilience through landscape systems, while VBA focuses on adapting to climate change through innovations in building and landscape materials and technologies.
6. Integration of multiple possibilities — From a historical perspective, BAP (launched in 2019) is relatively young, but with its clear focus on ecological transition, it has quickly become an important platform on par with the long-established architecture-oriented VBA (launched in 1980). The coexistence and dialogue between the two reflect the richness of the contemporary landscape (and architecture) field.
三、未来10年，中国景观行业的六大趋势
景观设计从静态的“结果”转向动态的“过程工具”，越来越成为一种方法和手段，而不仅仅是目的和结果。其价值在于整合自然系统、人文需求与空间干预的协同逻辑。
█ 1. 自然（生态适应与气候响应）：景观作为整个系统的发动引擎，建筑作为功能单元
【行业定位】
气候变化已成为景观（建筑）设计的核心议题，2025年这两个展览聚焦“生态适应”，推动行业从被动减排转向主动适应，将景观重构为动态的“环境调节系统的发动引擎”——这一理念标志着“景观都市主义”的实践深化：景观即城市基础设施。
【两个双年展的核心探索方向】
巴双（BAP）：“生生不息的城市(乡村)”——永恒的舞台设计：“气候长桌”
在展览的核心区域，一张近300米长的巨型桌子以其醒目的黄色与花园形成鲜明对比，沿着东西轴线（城市/公园方向）贯穿国王的菜园。这张桌子通过7个不同的主题序列来展开整体愿景，并邀请人们坐下、讨论、分享、学习并体验。
[Industry Positioning]
Climate change has become the core issue of landscape (and architectural) design. In 2025, both biennales focus on “ecological adaptation,” promoting a shift in the industry from passive emission reduction to proactive adaptation, reframing landscape as a dynamic “engine of environmental regulatory systems.” This concept marks the deepening practice of “landscape urbanism”: landscape as urban infrastructure.
[Core Exploration Directions of the Two Biennales]
BAP: “Everlasting City (and Countryside)” — Eternal Stage Design: “Climate Long Table”
At the heart of the exhibition, a nearly 300-meter-long giant table in striking yellow contrasts with the surrounding gardens, stretching along the east–west axis (city/park direction) across the King’s Vegetable Garden. Through seven different thematic sequences, the table unfolds a holistic vision, inviting people to sit, discuss, share, learn, and experience together.
威双（VBA）：“智能、自然、人工、集体”——“条款与条件”作品对全球变暖进行反思、“山的另一边”作品对过度消耗资源将导致崩溃的警告、马岩松“植物之城”作品为基于自然的解决方案（NbS）、巴林王国馆提倡被动式气候设计荣获“金狮奖最佳国家馆”、“运河咖啡馆”通过与水共存的思想和实践获得金狮奖。
VBA: “Intelligens. Natural. Artificial. Collective.” — The work “Terms and Conditions” reflects on global warming; “The Other Side of the Mountain” warns that overconsumption of resources will lead to collapse; Ma Yansong’s “City of Plants” presents a Nature-based Solution (NbS); the Pavilion of the Kingdom of Bahrain, advocating passive climate design, won the Golden Lion for Best National Participation; and the “Canal Café” was awarded the Golden Lion for its ideas and practices of coexisting with water.
▽条款与条件
▽山的另一面
▽植物之城
▽巴林国家馆，热浪
▽运河咖啡馆
【景观行业的角色转型】
• 设计师→可能性探索者：在气候不确定性中创造确定性的生活空间（巴双（BAP）策展人亨利·巴瓦的观点）。
• 评估标准革新：从能耗指标转向气候韧性量化，强调极端天气下的功能存续与生态服务能力。
【从宣言到行动】
两大双年展传递的共识是：景观（建筑）设计必须成为气候适应的先锋，通过技术整合与跨学科协作（如景观设计协同环境科学、材料工程等不同学科），将生态战场转化为共生网络。未来景观（建筑）行业的核心价值在于：景观成为环境调节系统的发动引擎，建筑是该系统中的功能单元。
[Role Transformation in the Landscape Architecture]
• Designer → Explorer of Possibilities: creating spaces of certainty for living amid climate uncertainty (a view expressed by BAP curator Henri Bava).
• Renewal of evaluation standards: shifting from energy-consumption indicators to the quantification of climate resilience, with an emphasis on functionality under extreme weather and the capacity to provide ecological services.
[From Manifesto to Action]
The shared message of both biennales is that landscape (and architecture) design must become a pioneer in climate adaptation. Through technological integration and interdisciplinary collaboration (for example, landscape design working together with environmental science, materials engineering, and other fields), the ecological battlefield can be transformed into a symbiotic network. The future core value of the landscape (and architecture) industry lies in this: landscape becomes the engine of environmental regulatory systems, while architecture serves as the functional unit within that system.
█ 2.共创的城市——集体创作、公众参与、社区营造及吸引人口净流入
【行业定位】共创的城市
俞昌斌在景观（建筑）设计领域有着清晰而前瞻性的研究脉络及实践方向（尤其是体验设计、社区营造、公共空间共创等主题），《共创的城市》作为其第八本著作延续了“体验设计”与“社会共创”融合的核心理念。其第六本书《体验设计唤醒乡土中国——莫干山乡村民宿实践范本》与第七本书《体验设计重塑绿水青山——乡村振兴方法论、案例分析与实验田》的设计理念以及他在上海崇明岛乡聚公社持续10年的乡村实践，汇聚在本书中构建出一个递进式的行动框架：
• 底层逻辑：以体验设计为工具，重塑人与空间的感官互动；
• 中层实践：通过社区营造激活社会网络，实现空间价值；
• 顶层愿景：以共创理念推动城市治理转型，迈向“生命友好型”城市。
[Industry Positioning] Co-Creative Cities
Yu Changbin has a clear and forward-looking research trajectory and practice direction in the field of landscape (and architecture) design, particularly on themes such as experience design, community building, and public space co-creation. Co-Creative Cities, his eighth book, continues the core concept of integrating “experience design” with “social co-creation.” The design philosophies of his sixth book, Experience Design Awakens Rural China — The Moganshan Rural Homestay Practice Model, and his seventh book, Experience Design Reshapes Green Mountains and Clear Waters — Methodologies, Case Studies, and Experimental Fields for Rural Revitalization, together with his ten years of rural practice at the Xiangju Commune on Shanghai’s Chongming Island, converge in this book to form a progressive action framework:
• Underlying Logic: Using experience design as a tool to reshape the sensory interaction between people and space;
• Mid-Level Practice: Activating social networks through community building to realize spatial value;
• Top-Level Vision: Promoting urban governance transformation through co-creation concepts, advancing toward a “life-friendly” city.
▽《体验设计唤醒乡土中国——莫干山乡村民宿实践范本》，2017年
▽《体验设计重塑绿水青山——乡村振兴方法论、案例分析与实验田》，2021年
“人类命运共同体”是世界发展的主旋律，首先以差异化定位激活全球产业链协作，城市依据禀赋承担全球价值链节点角色；其次，以文化互鉴构建共享治理范式；第三，以机制创新保障可持续共赢。
The concept of a “community of shared human destiny” is the main theme of global development. First, it activates global industrial chain collaboration through differentiated positioning, with cities assuming roles as nodes in the global value chain based on their endowments; second, it builds shared governance paradigms through cultural mutual learning; third, it ensures sustainable and mutually beneficial outcomes through mechanism innovation.
【两个双年展的核心方向】多元主体的共创：景观（建筑）行业实践的共创精神及开放式浪潮
2025年威双（VBA）策展人卡洛·拉蒂的表述标志着景观（建筑）思想的重要转向——从“个人英雄主义”走向“社会共创”，如生活实验室(Living Lab)概念、意大利馆《陆海之界：意大利与海洋智慧》展览、中国馆作品“开源城市计划”等。
[Core Directions of the Two Biennales] Co-Creation by Multiple Stakeholders: The Spirit of Collaboration and Open-Ended Trends in Landscape (and Architecture) Practice
In 2025, VBA curator Carlo Ratti’s statements marked an important shift in landscape (and architecture) thinking — moving from “individual heroism” toward “social co-creation,” as exemplified by concepts such as the Living Lab, the Italian Pavilion exhibition “Land-Sea Interface: Italy and Marine Intelligence”, and the Chinese Pavilion work “Open Source City Project.”
▽意大利馆《陆海之界：意大利与海洋智慧》
▽开源城市计划，中国馆作品之一，小红书产品设计中心
巴双（BAP）同样强调了跨学科协作的重要性。在“教育与气候”圆桌论坛上，来自全球的景观设计师、气候学家、生态学家和社会学家共同探讨了如何将气候适应力融入专业教育。
【角色转型】集体创作在实践层面的两种典型形式：
• 跨学科团队协作：如巴双（BAP）展示的巴黎气候适应项目，结合了景观设计、微气候学、生态学等多领域专业知识；
• 开放创新平台：如威双（VBA）利用数字技术汇集公众智慧，实现设计过程的共创精神及开放式浪潮。
这两大展览提供的答案是：建立开放透明的协作流程，尊重不同形式的知识，并发展专门的协调与整合技能。
[Role Transformation] Two Typical Forms of Collective Creation in Practice:
• Interdisciplinary Team Collaboration: For example, the Paris climate adaptation projects showcased at BAP combine expertise from landscape design, microclimatology, ecology, and other fields.
• Open Innovation Platforms: For example, VBA leverages digital technology to gather public insight, realizing the spirit of co-creation and the wave of openness in the design process. The answer provided by these two biennales is: establish open and transparent collaboration processes, respect different forms of knowledge, and develop specialized coordination and integration skills.
【宣言与行动】
• 公众参与+社区营造
社区参与式设计：两个展览的众多作品都强调在地知识的重要性，如同济大学景观学系刘悦来老师的四叶草堂及城市社区菜园、俞昌斌的上海崇明岛乡聚公社及实验田，大观的校园实验，还有华润置地“润泽美好”团队进行一系列社区营造活动，都说明景观空间不仅是拿来看（作为展示），更是拿来给公众使用、体验和共创的。
[Manifesto and Action]
• Public Participation + Community Building
Community participatory design: many works in both biennales emphasize the importance of local knowledge. Examples include Professor Liu Yuelai’s Four-Leaf Clover Hall and urban community gardens at Tongji University, Yu Changbin’s Xiangju Commune and experimental fields on Shanghai’s Chongming Island, Daguan’s campus experiments, and China Resources Land’s Runze Beautiful Living team carrying out a series of community-building activities. These demonstrate that landscape spaces are not only for viewing (as exhibitions) but are meant for public use, experience, and co-creation.
▽上海创智农园，四叶草堂，刘悦来
▽上海崇明岛乡聚公社及实验田，俞昌斌
▽儿童友好的校园环境，上海大观设计工作室主持设计师杨晓青设计
• 吸引人口净流入——对一个城市的发展来说：吸引人口净流入，是其最重要的发展指标之一。共创城市的终极目标，是让每个生命在城市中找到尊严的锚点。
• Attracting Net Population Inflow — For the development of a city, attracting a net population inflow is one of its most important indicators. The ultimate goal of a co-creative city is to allow every life to find a point of dignity within the urban environment.
█ 3.可食景观与乡村振兴
3.1. 可食景观：民以食为天
【行业定位】回归“食农一体”的景观本源
• 历史溯源与当代使命
欧洲启示：法国古典园林起源于修道院药草园与菜圃，意大利文艺复兴庄园的水渠系统首要功能是灌溉果园与农田，这也印证了欧洲的景观设计诞生于对食物的追求。
中国困境：当前国内的景观设计过度追求视觉形式，而“可食景观”推动从“造景”回归“食物-土地、生存-生活”的本质。
• 社会需求升级
食品安全危机：全球工业化农业导致食物的安全性问题，城市居民对“从田间到餐桌”的食品可追溯系统需求迫切。
可食景观：生产性主导、全民参与及生态循环。
【两个双年展的核心方向】从“观赏花园”到“生产性生态系统”
这两大国际展会印证了可食景观的技术革新：
• 巴双（BAP）“生生不息的城市(乡村)”——共享菜园是全球的发展趋势，如我们参观巴黎圣旺码头公园（Parc des Docks），其特色为面积约5000 ㎡的共享菜园与一座开放式的温室。
[Industry Positioning] Returning to the Landscape’s Origins in “Food and Agriculture Integration”
• Historical Origins and Contemporary Mission
o European Inspiration: French classical gardens originated from monastery herb gardens and kitchen gardens, and the canal systems of Italian Renaissance estates primarily irrigated orchards and farmland, demonstrating that European landscape design was born from the pursuit of food.
• China’s Dilemma: Current domestic landscape design overemphasizes visual form, while “edible landscapes” promote a return from “scenery-making” to the essence of “food–land, survival–life.”
• Upgrading Social Needs
o Food Safety Crisis: Global industrial agriculture has created food safety issues, and urban residents urgently need traceable “farm-to-table” food systems.
• Edible Landscapes: Production-led, inclusive participation, and ecological circulation.
[Core Directions of the Two Biennales] From “Ornamental Gardens” to “Productive Ecosystems”
These two international exhibitions highlight technological innovations in edible landscapes:
• BAP: “Everlasting City (and Countryside)” — Shared gardens are a global development trend. For example, at Paris’ Parc des Docks, there is a shared garden of approximately 5,000 ㎡ and an open greenhouse.
▽巴黎都市共享菜园，学生学习农业知识
▽温室
• 威双（VBA）的阿联酋馆，其主题为“压力锅——如何推动粮食安全？”该馆通过实验性温室展示特色农作物，从具历史意义且当地常见的黄瓜到适应沙漠环境的特殊品种如蓝莓。
VBA: The UAE Pavilion, themed “Pressure Cooker — How to Promote Food Security?”, showcases specialty crops through experimental greenhouses, ranging from historically significant and locally common cucumbers to special varieties adapted to desert environments, such as blueberries.
▽阿联酋馆，压力锅
【角色转型】从“景观造型师”到“可食景观系统设计师”——能力重构、设计范式革新及跨学科整合。
【宣言与行动】构建“可食地景+”的社会生态网络
• 行动纲领：短期、中期及长期的三大目标。
• 教育革命：学科教育及公众参与。
[Role Transformation] From “Landscape Stylist” to “Edible Landscape System Designer” — restructuring capabilities, innovating design paradigms, and integrating across disciplines.
[Manifesto and Action] Building a Social-Ecological Network of “Edible Landscapes+”
• Action Program: Three major goals for the short, medium, and long term.
• Educational Revolution: Discipline-based education and public participation.
3.2 到乡村去，景观师大有可为
【行业定位】乡村是景观师的价值重塑蓝海
• 突破城市困境——城市瓶颈与乡村机遇。
• 政策与市场双重驱动——政策支持与市场潜力，并对标国际实践。
【两个双年展的核心方向】关注乡村
• 气候长桌的隐喻：凡尔赛宫“国王的菜园”是把皇宫和乡村的菜园融合在一起，300米装置贯穿整个菜园象征着城市建设的各个领域一起协作解决危机和问题，乡村可演变为民众与景观师的“共治平台”。
Going to the Countryside: Opportunities for Landscape Architects
[Industry Positioning] The Countryside as a Blue Ocean for Reimagining Landscape Architects’ Value
• Breaking Through Urban Constraints: Addressing urban bottlenecks and seizing rural opportunities.
• Dual Drivers of Policy and Market: Supported by policy and market potential, while benchmarking against international practices.
[Core Directions of the Two Biennales] Focus on the Countryside
• Metaphor of the Climate Long Table: The King’s Vegetable Garden at the Palace of Versailles integrates the palace with rural kitchen gardens. The 300-meter-long installation running through the garden symbolizes collaboration across all fields of urban development to address crises and challenges. The countryside can evolve into a “co-governance platform” for both the public and landscape architects.
▽巴黎圣旺码头公园，父母带孩子来种菜
▽巴黎圣旺码头公园建造鸡舍养鸡，体验乡村生活
• 植物智能共生：利用植物生理特性调节微气候，低成本解决乡村“高温困境”。如威双（VBA）的墨西哥馆，通过奇南帕农业系统（Chinampa Veneta）指明未来的方向。
• 废物循环系统：“从废物到能源”的模式，可应用于乡村秸秆、畜禽粪便的资源化利用。如威双（VBA）的大象礼拜堂作品展示了以生物材料构建耐久性建筑物的可能性。
• Plant Intelligence and Symbiosis: Using plant physiological characteristics to regulate microclimates and provide a low-cost solution to the countryside’s “high-temperature challenges.” For example, the Mexican Pavilion at VBA demonstrates future directions through the Chinampa Veneta agricultural system.
• Waste Circulation Systems: The “from waste to energy” model can be applied to the resource utilization of rural straw and livestock manure. For example, VBA’s Elephant Chapel project showcases the possibility of constructing durable buildings using biological materials.
▽墨西哥馆
▽大象礼拜堂
【角色转型】从图纸执行者到乡村“系统修复师”
• 能力重构——生态工程师及社群协调者。
• 价值观升维——自然为主导及文化转译者。
【宣言与行动】构建中国乡村“生态共同体”
• 行动纲领——短期、中期及长期的规划。
• 对标全球——引入法国、意大利的农业景观，将乡村变为科普课堂。
总之，正如著名乡建建筑师黄声远所言：“在田中央，我们学会谦卑；在自然里，设计重获自由。”景观（建筑）设计师们，此刻下乡，不是逃离，而是归来。
• Capability Reconstruction: Ecological engineer and community coordinator.
• Value Elevation: Nature-led and cultural translator.
[Manifesto and Action] Building China’s Rural “Ecological Community”
• Action Program: Planning for the short, medium, and long term.
• Global Benchmarking: Introducing agricultural landscapes from France and Italy, turning the countryside into science education classrooms.
In short, as the renowned rural architect Huang Shengyuan said: “In the middle of the fields, we learn humility; in nature, design regains its freedom.” For landscape (and architecture) designers, going to the countryside at this moment is not an escape, but a return.
█ 4.景观行业的文化与艺术传承：国际化与地域性
【行业定位】
在全球化的浪潮中，地域文化的保护与创新表达成为本行业不可忽视的发展趋势。文化传承的核心是“时间是有能量的”。
【两个双年展的核心方向】
• 威双（VBA）的BIG不丹机场作品“古老的未来”、秘鲁国家馆主题“活态脚手架”、摩洛哥馆、英国馆主题“不列颠地质修复”都展示了对历史的重新审视。
4. Cultural and Artistic Heritage in the Landscape Architecture: Internationalization and Regionality
[Industry Positioning]
Amid the wave of globalization, the protection and innovative expression of regional culture has become an important development trend in the industry. The core of cultural heritage is that “time carries energy.”
[Core Directions of the Two Biennales]
• VBA: Projects such as BIG’s Bhutan Airport “Ancient Future”, the Peruvian Pavilion’s “Living Scaffolds”, the Moroccan Pavilion, and the British Pavilion’s “Britain Geological Restoration” all demonstrate a renewed examination of history.
▽古老未来：联结不丹的传统与创新
▽秘鲁馆，生活脚手架
▽摩洛哥馆，材料复写本
▽英国馆，大不列颠修复地质
另外，威双（VBA）中国馆的展出作品多元而富有深度，如良渚十二律、敦煌·共熠、苍穹等作品将传统文明与现代技术巧妙地融合。这些项目共同展示了一种文化传承的创新路径：不是简单复制传统形式，而是通过现代设计语言和材料技术重新表达。
Additionally, the Chinese Pavilion at VBA showcased a diverse and in-depth range of works. Projects such as 12 Rhythms in Liangzhu, Dunhuang·Co-shine, and The Vault of Heaven cleverly integrate traditional civilization with modern technology. Together, these projects demonstrate an innovative path for cultural heritage: rather than simply replicating traditional forms, they reinterpret them through contemporary design language and material technologies.
▽良渚十二律
▽敦煌·共熠
▽苍穹
巴双（BAP）同样关注地方性与全球性的辩证关系，强调气候变化对地理空间的影响，要尊重不同地区的自然与文化特征，与威双（VBA）中国馆的实践形成了跨越地域的呼应。
BAP similarly focuses on the dialectical relationship between locality and globality, emphasizing the impact of climate change on geographic spaces. It stresses the importance of respecting the natural and cultural characteristics of different regions, forming a cross-regional dialogue with the practices showcased at the Chinese Pavilion of VBA.
▽在大草坪上进行行为艺术表演
【角色转型】
文化传承在景观（建筑）行业的实践中呈现出三个显著特点：批判性地域主义、叙事性空间及适应性再利用。
【宣言与行动】
两个展览共同证明：景观（建筑）作为文明载体的角色愈发重要。只有深深扎根于自身文化土壤的建筑创新，才能真正具有世界意义；也只有主动参与解决人类共同问题的文化表达，才能保持持久的生命力。
[Role Transformation]
In the practice of landscape (and architecture) design, cultural heritage manifests three prominent characteristics: critical regionalism, narrative space, and adaptive reuse.
[Manifesto and Action]
Both biennales demonstrate that the role of landscape (and architecture) as a carrier of civilization is increasingly important. Only architectural innovation deeply rooted in its own cultural soil can truly have global significance; and only cultural expressions that actively engage in addressing common human challenges can maintain enduring vitality.
█ 5.材料革新与循环经济：景观行业的资源重塑
【行业定位】
景观（建筑）行业作为全球资源消耗和废弃物产生的主要领域之一，正面临着向循环经济模式转型的迫切需求。两个展览都将“材料创新与资源循环”作为核心议题之一。
5. Material Innovation and Circular Economy: Resource Reconfiguration in the Landscape Architecture
[Industry Positioning]
As one of the major sectors contributing to global resource consumption and waste generation, the landscape (and architecture) industry faces an urgent need to transition to a circular economy model. Both biennales have identified “material innovation and resource circulation” as one of their core themes.
▽巴双（BAP）的演讲，大家站在凡尔赛宫大水景的树林边聆听
【两个双年展的核心方向】
• 威双（VBA）中国馆，如废砼再生项目，还有威尼斯水道之门、大象礼拜堂、循环手册、计算帝国——1500年以来的技术与权力图谱、织网等作品呈现了多项突破性的材料创新案例。
[Core Directions of the Two Biennales]
• VBA explores experimental materials and construction techniques, such as biodegradable structures, modular systems, and upcycled components, demonstrating the potential for a circular economy within urban and rural landscapes.
▽废砼再生项目
▽威尼斯水道之门
▽循环手册
▽计算帝国——1500年以来的技术与权力图谱
▽织网
巴双（BAP）同样关注物质循环问题。多个项目展示了如何将当地废弃物转化为景观元素，既减少运输碳排放，又增强场所认同感。发掘新的景观材料，如低碳环保生态材料的使用以及对本土植物的重视。
【角色转型】
景观（建筑）材料革新的三大发展方向： 低碳替代材料、 高性能复合材料及智能响应材料。
【宣言与行动】
威双（VBA）提出7大循环设计导则。
BAP also focuses on material circulation. Several projects demonstrate how local waste can be transformed into landscape elements, reducing transportation-related carbon emissions while enhancing a sense of place. They explore new landscape materials, including low-carbon, eco-friendly materials, and emphasize the use of native plants.
[Role Transformation]
Three major directions in landscape (and architectural) material innovation: low-carbon alternative materials, high-performance composite materials, and smart responsive materials.
[Manifesto and Action]
VBA proposes seven guiding principles for circular design.
█ 6 .6.1. 个人——人工智能带来新的产业革命
【行业定位】
景观（建筑）行业正在经历一场由数字技术驱动的深刻变革，这两大国际展清晰地呈现了这一趋势。
【两个双年展的核心方向】
威双（VBA）展示了多项突破性的智能建造应用，如中国馆的更新城计划、CO-POIESIS共生、威尼斯智慧城市馆、循环的智能等作品。这些案例表明，从设计到施工再到运营，景观（建筑）行业全生命周期的各个环节都在经历数字化重塑。
6.1 Individual— Artificial Intelligence Brings a New Industrial Revolution
[Industry Positioning]
The landscape (and architecture) industry is undergoing a profound transformation driven by digital technologies, a trend clearly reflected in both international biennales.
[Core Directions of the Two Biennales]
VBA showcased multiple groundbreaking applications of intelligent construction, such as the Renewal City Plan at the China Pavilion, CO-POIESIS, the Venice Smart City Pavilion, and Circular Intelligence. These cases demonstrate that from design to construction to operation, every stage of the landscape (and architecture) lifecycle is being digitally redefined.
▽更新城，中国馆
▽共生
▽威尼斯智慧城市馆
▽循环的智能
巴双（BAP）展览中的巴黎案例通过微气候分析工具，预测了温度上升2-5°C对城市环境的不同影响，并据此提出针对性的景观干预策略。
The Paris case in the BAP exhibition used microclimate analysis tools to predict the different impacts of a 2-5°C temperature rise on the urban environment, and based on this, proposed targeted landscape intervention strategies.
▽在凡尔赛宫国王菜园外侧的水景、大树、草坪下休息，比没有树的区域气温低2-5°C
【角色转型】
智能建造技术的发展呈现出四个关键方向：人工智能辅助设计、数字孪生与模拟、机器人建造、互动技术。
【宣言与行动】
这两大展览也提醒我们，技术只是手段而非目的。正如拉蒂强调的：”建筑不应仅仅依赖于人工智能，而应从自然生态系统中汲取灵感，结合人类的集体智慧”。
[Role Transformation]
The development of intelligent construction technologies follows four key directions: AI-assisted design, digital twins and simulation, robotic construction, and interactive technologies.
[Manifesto and Action]
The two biennales also remind us that technology is a means, not an end. As Carlo Ratti emphasizes: “Architecture should not rely solely on artificial intelligence, but draw inspiration from natural ecosystems and combine it with human collective intelligence.”
6.2. 个人——景观教育趋势
【行业定位】
巴双（BAP）的“气候长桌”就象征了这种跨界对话的必要性——不同专业背景的参与者需要“坐下来”共同商讨解决方案。景观（建筑）行业的深刻变革正催生知识体系的重构，传统的专业界限日益模糊，跨学科融合成为应对复杂挑战的必然选择。
【两个双年展的核心方向】跨学科融合与教育创新：重塑景观（建筑）行业的知识体系
• 威双（VBA）中国馆策展人马岩松提出的“容·智慧”概念，如天空城和立交城两个作品体现了跨学科思维——将东方哲学中的“天人合一”世界观与现代景观（建筑）技术相融合。另外，隈研吾及东京大学团队设计的多米诺 3.0 – 生成性生命结构体、人与AI对话的“我是一个奇怪的循环吗？”及OUT展区的外太空幻想设计，如“月球方舟”装置都进行了跨学科探索。
6.2 Individual— Trends in Landscape Education
[Industry Positioning]
BAP’s Climate Long Table symbolizes the necessity of such cross-disciplinary dialogue — participants from different professional backgrounds need to “sit together” to discuss solutions. The profound transformation of the landscape (and architecture) industry is driving the reconstruction of knowledge systems. Traditional professional boundaries are increasingly blurred, and interdisciplinary integration has become an essential approach to addressing complex challenges.
[Core Directions of the Two Biennales] Interdisciplinary Integration and Educational Innovation: Reshaping the Knowledge System of the Landscape (and Architecture) Industry
• VBA: China Pavilion curator Ma Yansong proposed the concept of Co-Exist, exemplified in works like Sky City and Interchange City, which integrate the Eastern philosophy of “harmony between humans and nature” with modern landscape (and architecture) technologies. Additionally, interdisciplinary explorations are evident in projects by Kengo Kuma and the University of Tokyo team, such as Domino 3.0 — Generative Life Structures, the human-AI dialogue “Am I a Strange Loop?”, and the OUT exhibition’s space fantasy designs, including the Lunar Ark installation.
▽天空城
▽立交城
▽多米诺3.0：生成式生命结构
▽月球方舟，Lunar Ark
▽我是一个奇怪的循环吗？
同样，巴双（BAP）的许多案例汇集了景观师、气候学家、生态学家和社会学家的智慧，通过微气候分析、植被策略和社会需求评估的综合，提出了全面的城市适应方案。
景观（建筑）行业教育的创新在两大展览中占据了显著位置。巴双（BAP）的首场圆桌讨论就以“教育与气候”为主题，同济大学景观学系主任章明教授分享的“三向六维”知识图谱教育模式尤其引人注目。巴双（BAP）圆桌论坛上的学者们达成共识，未来的景观（建筑）专业教育必须打破学科壁垒，培养跨学科思维和协作能力。
Similarly, many cases at BAP bring together the expertise of landscape architects, climatologists, ecologists, and sociologists. By integrating microclimate analysis, vegetation strategies, and assessments of social needs, they propose comprehensive urban adaptation solutions.
Innovation in landscape (and architecture) education occupies a prominent position in both biennales. The first BAP roundtable focused on “Education and Climate,” with Professor Zhang Ming, Head of the Department of Landscape Architecture at Tongji University, presenting the notable Three-Direction Six-Dimension knowledge-mapping educational model. Scholars at the BAP roundtable reached a consensus that future landscape (and architecture) education must break down disciplinary barriers and cultivate interdisciplinary thinking and collaborative abilities.
▽6月20号，巴双（BAP）景观师圆桌会议
【角色转型】
跨学科教育的发展呈现出四个关键方向：问题导向学习、实验性课程、全球-本地连接及伦理与美学并重。从中国城市建设及房地产行业发展的角度来看，有天赋、有兴趣做这行的就留下来。未来中国景观师的价值与核心竞争力，景观师要如何生存下去？唯一出路就是“小而美”，景观师唯有创造价值才能生存下去。另外，长期主义的重要性：标准化+同质化必死。
【宣言与行动】
景观（建筑）知识的跨学科重构不是简单的知识叠加，而是认知方式的根本转变。
[Role Transformation]
The development of interdisciplinary education presents four key directions: problem-based learning, experimental courses, global–local connections, and balancing ethics with aesthetics. From the perspective of urban development and the real estate industry in China, those with talent and interest will remain in the field. The future value and core competitiveness of Chinese landscape architects—how they survive—relies on the principle of “small but exquisite”: landscape architects can only survive by creating value. Additionally, the importance of long-term thinking: standardization and homogenization are a path to failure.
[Manifesto and Action]
The interdisciplinary reconstruction of landscape (and architecture) knowledge is not a simple accumulation of information, but a fundamental shift in ways of thinking.
总结与展望：景观行业的未来图景
通过对2025年巴双（BAP）和威双（VBA）的全面分析，我们可以清晰地看到全球景观（建筑）行业正在经历的深刻变革与转型方向。巴双（BAP）扎根于景观系统的生态调节功能，威双（VBA）则依托数字技术的模拟优化能力，但两者共同服务于一个目标：创造更具韧性的人居环境。基于对这两大展览的分析，我们可以预见景观（建筑）行业将出现以下具体的发展趋势：环境为导向的设计目标、循环建造的普及、人机协作的设计流程、社会参与的制度化、建筑教育的跨学科重构。
景观（建筑）行业的未来既充满挑战，又蕴含无限可能。2025年这两大世界顶级的展览，已经为这一转型描绘了鼓舞人心的路线图。景观（建筑）行业的未来将属于勇于重新定义行业边界的探索者、融合者和创新者。
Conclusion and Outlook: The Future Landscape Architecture
Through a comprehensive analysis of the 2025 BAP and VBA biennales, we can clearly observe the profound transformations and emerging directions in the global landscape (and architecture) industry. BAP is rooted in the ecological regulatory functions of landscape systems, while VBA leverages the simulation and optimization capabilities of digital technologies. Yet both share a common goal: creating more resilient human habitats.
Based on the analysis of these two major exhibitions, we can foresee the following development trends in the landscape (and architecture) industry: environment-oriented design objectives, the widespread adoption of circular construction, human–machine collaborative design processes, institutionalized social participation, and interdisciplinary reconstruction of architectural education.
The future of the landscape (and architecture) industry is both challenging and full of possibilities. The two world-class biennales of 2025 have already mapped out an inspiring roadmap for this transformation. The future will belong to those who dare to redefine industry boundaries: the explorers, integrators, and innovators.
审稿编辑：Maggie
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