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Thanks WMLA for authorizing the publication of the project on mooool, Text description provided by WMLA.
未名设计：深圳湾是东亚-澳大利西亚国际候鸟迁徙的中转站和越冬地，也是社会经济发展活跃的高度城市化海湾。位于深圳湾东北部的福田红树林国家重要湿地是广东内伶仃福田国家级自然保护区的重要组成部分。作为中国面积最小且地处城市腹地的国家级自然保护区，其周边高强度城市环境对候鸟越冬栖息的影响显著，亟需针对水鸟保护的高质量、精细化生态修复。本项目以基于自然的解决方案为指导理念，建立了一套高密度城区滨海湿地水鸟栖息地精细化生态修复模式：通过研究鸟类行为和生境需求，提出了水面扩增、水位控制、水动力改善、光滩改造、植物适应性管理、避干扰控制六项策略，并建立了高、中、低适应途径以形成有效的策略包指导修复工程实施。修复工程实施后，黑脸琵鹭等目标鸟类的数量显著增加。2022年保护区内观测到的水鸟种类比上年增加33%，与2016年相比增加50.9%，海岸带生态系统服务功能明显增强。在中国城市更新进入存量发展的趋势下，这一修复模式可为滨海湿地鸟类保护生态修复提供借鉴，并为高质量建设深圳“国际红树林中心”提供重要支撑。
WMLA：As a highly urbanized bay area bustling with socio-economicactivities, Shenzhen Bay is a pivotal stopover and wintering habitat for migratory birds along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway. The Futian Mangrove National Important Wetland, located in the northeast of Shenzhen bay, is a part of the Guangdong Neilingding–Futian National Nature Reserve. As the smallest national nature reserve in China, the wintering habitat of migratory birds has been significantly impacted by the compacted surrounding built-up environment. It has become an urgent need for refined high-quality ecological restoration for the habitats. This projectleveraged Nature-based Solutions to develop a refined model for the ecological restoration of coastal wetland waterbird habitats in compact urban areas. By analyzing waterbird behaviors and habitat requirements, this model outlined six strategies: water surface expansion, water level control, hydrodynamic conditions improvement, shoal transformation, adaptive vegetation management, and disturbance control. To effectively guide the restoration implementation, high-, medium-, and low-adaptive approaches were proposed accordingly. After restoration in 2022, notable increases in target species, such as Platalea minor, wereobserved. The variety of waterbirds of the reserve in 2022 increased by 33% compared with 2021, while increased by 50.9% compared with 2016, significantly enhancing ecosystem services of the coastal area. As urban renewal in China is shifting towards spatial redevelopment, this model offers valuable insights for ecological restoration aiming at coastal wetland waterbird conservation across the country, and substantially supports establishing the “International Mangrove Center” in Shenzhen.
▽一条与候鸟共栖的城市滨水岸线 © 鲁冰
深圳湾是东亚-澳大利西亚国际候鸟迁徙的中转站和越冬地，也是社会经济发展活跃的高度城市化海湾。滨海湿地生态系统的生态修复对全球鸟类保护意义重大。
As a highly urbanized bay area bustling with socio-economic activities, Shenzhen Bay is a pivotal stopover and wintering habitat for migratory birds along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway. The ecological restoration of coastal wetland ecosystems is of great significance to global bird conservation.
▽毗邻高密度城市核心区的国家级自然保护区
▽与香港米埔湿地同属迁飞通道上的重要栖息地
位于深圳湾东北部的福田红树林国家重要湿地是广东内伶仃福田国家级自然保护区的重要组成部分，先后被列入《2020年国家重要湿地名录》和《湿地公约》的“国际重要湿地”名录，每年有数10万只水鸟在此休憩、补给、生活。其周边高强度城市环境对候鸟越冬栖息的影响显著，亟需针对水鸟保护的高质量、精细化生态修复。
The Futian Mangrove National Important Wetland, located in the northeast of Shenzhen bay, is a part of the Guangdong Neilingding– Futian National Nature Reserve. It has been selected in the “2020 National Important Wetland List ” and designated as a “wetland of international importance” under the Ramsar Convention. Every year, tens of thousands of waterbirds rest, forage, and stay here. The wintering habitat of migratory birds has been significantly impacted by the compacted surrounding built-up environment. It has become an urgent need for refined high-quality ecological restoration for the habitats.
▽远眺深圳湾方向，可见深圳湾大桥与香港山峦的轮廓
▽夕阳下的“潮汐树”、红树林和鱼塘
本项目以基于自然的解决方案为指导理念，建立了一套高密度城区滨海湿地水鸟栖息地精细化生态修复模式：通过研究鸟类行为和生境需求，提出了水面扩增、水位控制、水动力改善、光滩改造、植物适应性管理、避干扰控制六项策略，并建立了高、中、低适应途径以形成有效的策略包。
This project leveraged Nature-based Solutions to develop a refined model for the ecological restoration of coastal wetland waterbird habitats in compact urban areas. By analyzing waterbird behaviors and habitat requirements, this model outlined six strategies: water surface expansion, water level control, hydrodynamic conditions improvement, shoal transformation, adaptive vegetation management, and disturbance control. To effectively guide the restoration implementation, high-, medium-, and low-adaptive approaches were proposed accordingly.
▽本项目生态修复模式概览
修复工程实施后，黑脸琵鹭等目标鸟类的数量显著增加，海岸带生态系统服务功能明显增强。在中国城市更新进入存量发展的趋势下，这一修复模式可为滨海湿地鸟类保护生态修复提供借鉴，并为高质量建设深圳“国际红树林中心”提供重要支撑。
After restoration, notable increases in target species, such as Platalea minor, were observed, significantly enhancing ecosystem services of the coastal area. As urban renewal in China is shifting towards spatial redevelopment, this model offers valuable insights for ecological restoration aiming at coastal wetland waterbird conservation across the country, and substantially supports establishing the “International Mangrove Center” in Shenzhen.
▽鸟儿在湿地中翱翔
01 为候鸟“量身定制”
选取目标鸟类
项目结合现有监测数据和现场调研观测，确定福田红树林湿地五大类水鸟（鸻鹬类、雁鸭类、鹭类、秧鸡类和鸬鹚类）和国家一级保护动物黑脸琵鹭为目标水鸟大类。
01 Specially designed for migratory birds
Select target bird species
Based on the monitoring data and field observations, Scolopacidae, Anatidae, Ardeidae, Rallidae, and Phalacrocoracidae, and one national first-class protected species (Platalea minor ) have been identified as target waterbirds within the Futian Mangrove Wetland.
▽生活在福田红树林湿地的水鸟们
根据鸟类监测数据和现场观察，综合身长、生态型、居留型等因素，在各大类中选择场地中种群规模较大的目标水鸟代表性物种。
Considering factors covering body length, ecological type, and residency type, representative species of the target waterbirds with relatively large population size on-site were selected.
▽修复前水鸟分布情况
▽代表水鸟类群与鸟种的选取
▽黑脸琵鹭、白鹭、苍鹭、反嘴鹬、普通鸬鹚、琵嘴鸭等
解锁鸟类生境偏好
通过文献研究和鸟类行为观测，分析代表鸟种的空间偏好和对人为干扰耐受度，确定生境需求及相关指标。以水鸟栖息生境需求为标准，对红树林湿地基围鱼塘的水面面积、水位深度、水动力条件、滩岛形态、植被影响、城市及人类活动影响等方面进行适宜性分析。
Investigate birds habitat preferences
Through literature review and avian behavior observation, we analyzed their spatial preferences and human disturbance tolerance, which help determine the essential habitat needs and related indicators. According to the habitat needs of waterbirds above, a suitability analysis was conducted on the dike-ponds of the Futian Mangrove Wetland, assessing water surface area, water depth, hydrodynamic conditions, shoal and islet morphology, the impacts of vegetation, and the disturbance by human activities.
▽代表鸟种的生境需求分析
通过基于鸟类的研究诊断得出现状鱼塘面临的六方面共性问题：水面小、水位深、水动力条件不足、缺乏光滩与裸岛、入侵植物多、人类活动干扰大。
It identified six common problems faced by the unrestored fishponds: small water surface, deep water level, weak hydrodynamic conditions, lack of shoals and islets, excessive invasive plants, heavy human activity disturbance.
02 生态修复实施“策略包
面向鸟类的生态修复六大策略
针对从代表鸟种适宜性分析得出的现状鱼塘面临的六方面共性问题，以鸟类生境需求研究为依据，项目提出了生态修复的六大策略：水面扩增，水位控制、水动力条件改善、光滩改造、植物适应性管理和避干扰控制。基于六大策略，综合考量目标水鸟保护的重要性、生态修复的必要性、修复落地阻力三方面，提出高、中、低三种适应途径。
02 Ecological Restoration Implementation Toolkit
Six key strategies for bird-centric habitat restoration
Based on diagnostic assessments of indicator species’ suitability, we addresses six common problems faced by the unrestored fishponds. In response to the six identified common issues identified and informed by bird habitat requirement research, six ecological restoration technical strategies were proposed. These six strategies comprise: water surface expansion, water level control, hydrodynamic conditions improvement, shoal transformation, adaptive vegetation management, disturbance control. The project took into account the importance level of target waterbird conservation, the necessity of ecological restoration, and the resistance to restoration. It proposed three levels—high, medium, and low—of adaptive approaches tailored to the diverse habitat needs of waterbirds.
▽高、中、低三种适应途径
▽修复策略示例：水面扩增、光滩改造
以完成生态修复实施的主要区域5号塘、6号塘、北部淡水塘、避风塘为例，组合使用各修复策略中的适应途径，形成滨海湿地水鸟栖息地精细化修复方案。
Implementation in Priority Restoration Zones include fishpond No. 5, fishpond No. 6, northern freshwater pond and typhoon shelter pond, a combination of these restoration strategies could be applied to forge a refined restoration plan for waterbird habitats in coastal wetlands.
▽鱼塘生态修复策略包组合
生态修复实施详解
以被定位为黑脸琵鹭等大型涉禽的栖息地的5号塘为例，设计方案使用了多种修复措施搭配组合以提升鸟类生境的适宜性。
Detailed Implementation of Ecological Restoration
Fishpond No. 5 was designated as a habitat for large wading
Fishpond No. 5 was designated as a habitat for large wading birds like Platalea minor, the design plan implemented a combination of multiple restoration measures to enhance habitat suitability features for avian species.
▽5号塘生态修复策略工程布局
将所有水域完全整合成一个连续的开阔大水面。通过智慧水闸调控和梯级塘底调整控制水位，沿鱼塘外缘增加环形沟以丰富水生环境，改善水动力条件。将堤岸改造为中央光滩，增加岸线曲折度，降低坡度，为候鸟提供休息停留空间。
The plan integrated all water areas into one continuous open water surface. With smart water gate installation and adjusted terraced pond bottom to regulate water levels. Additionally, A deep channel was constructed along the perimeter to enrich the aquatic living environment and enhance hydrodynamic conditions, embankments were transformed into winding central shoals with gentler slopes to provide resting spaces for migratory birds.
▽破开部分堤岸，打造联通的水域
▽通过智慧水闸调控水位
▽增加光滩，降低堤岸坡度，为鸻鹬类等鸟类提供停留空间
▽增加岸线曲折度、丰富水生环境
清理水面芦苇和堤岸的入侵植物，以树岛的形式局部保留乡土植物。在北部加宽加高植物隔离带，以降低城市和人类活动对鸟类的干扰。
Phragmites australis and invasive plants were removed from the water surface and embankments, with native plants selectively conserved as tree islets. In the north, the vegetation buffer was widened and heightened to mitigate urban and human activity disturbances on birds.
▽清理入侵植物，以树岛形式保留乡土植物
▽构建植物隔离带减低干扰
▽最小干扰原则的巡护路线
各鱼塘生态修复效果
经过精细化生态修复，各塘在水面扩增、水位控制、水动力条件改善、光滩改造、植物适应性管理与避干扰控制六大策略方面均有显著提升，为鸟类生存栖息提供了良好的条件。
Ecological Restoration Performance of Individual Fishponds
Following precision ecological restoration, each pond has demonstrated significant improvements across six key strategies: water surface expansion, water level control, hydrodynamic conditions improvement, shoal transformation, adaptive vegetation management, and disturbance control—collectively providing enhanced conditions for birds habitation.
▽黑脸琵鹭、反嘴鹬等鸟类在修复后的鱼塘栖息
▽黑翅长脚鹬在浅水中捕食
03 万事俱备待鸟归
生态修复工程实施后的观测表明，各塘水鸟种类和数量均有显著提升。
03 All Set for the Birds’ Return—Awaiting the Migratory Flocks
Preliminary observations after ecological restoration indicated a significant increase in the variety and number of waterbirds across the fishponds.
▽反嘴鹬、黑尾塍鹬、红脚鹬、红嘴鸥等
2022~2023年首个候鸟季的观测中，保护区水鸟种类比上年增加33%，与2016年相比，2022年保护区水鸟总体数量从27392只增加到37079只（增加35.4%），水鸟种类从53种增加到80种（增加50.9%）。
Observations for the first stopover season in 2022~2023, the variety of waterbirds in the reserve increased by 33% compared with last year, the total number of waterbirds in the reserve increased from 27,392 to 37,079 (an increase of 35.4%) compared with 2016, and the variety increased from 53 to 80 species (an increase of 50.9%).
▽琵嘴鸭、黑脸琵鹭、红嘴鸥、白鹭、苍鹭、池鹭、普通鸬鹚、反嘴鹬、红脚鹬等
生态修复前，保护区在冬季通常只能观测到30~40只黑脸琵鹭，而2022年冬季则观测到150余只，创近年新高，尤其是5号塘修复后每天可监测到50余只黑脸琵鹭。
Before restoration, only about 30 to 40 Platalea minor were observed in the entire reserve area during winter, while over 150 were observed in the winter of 2022, creating a new record for recent years. Especially in Fishpond No. 5, over 50 individuals of Platalea minor can be observed each day.
▽生态修复实施后在福田红树林湿地记录到的黑脸琵鹭
国家重点保护鸟类方面，对比保护区管理局提供的历史监测数据，2022年观测到国家一级保护动物黄嘴白鹭、国家二级保护鸟类棉凫、流苏鹬、水雉等，为保护区近20年来首次；2022年12月观测到29只国家一级保护野生动物东方白鹳，为保护区近30年来首次观测到东方白鹳集群。
Compared with historical monitoring data from the Reserve Administration, national first-class protected species such as Egretta eulophotes, second-class protected species like Nettapus coromandelianus, Philomachus pugnax, and Hydrophasianus chirurgus were returned the site for the first time in nearly 20 years. In December 2022, a flock of 29 Ciconia boyciana (national first-class protected species) were observed for the first time in nearly 30 years.
▽飞行的雁鸭类水鸟
▽大白鹭与黑脸琵鹭
▽反嘴鹬等
▽红嘴鸥、苍鹭、白鹭、黑脸琵鹭、针尾鸭等
结语
本项目有针对性地分析研判场地问题，创建了高密度城市水鸟栖息地精细化生态修复模式，在深圳福田红树林湿地生态修复中实际应用并进行了验证。项目有效提高了水鸟的种类和数量，增强了深圳湾作为国际候鸟迁徙中转站的功能。基于本项目提出并实践的修复模式，未来可进一步研究、制定滨海湿地和水鸟栖息地的精细化管理方法。同时，结合福田红树林湿地持续开展水鸟栖息地智慧化监测评估工作，反馈栖息地状况和鸟情变化，开展动态优化和适应性管理，可为高质量栖息地修复和国际红树林中心创建工作提供科学依据和技术支撑，亦可为滨海湿地鸟类保护生态修复提供借鉴支持。
Epilogue
This project addresses site challenges specifically. It develops a refined waterbird habitat restoration model in high-density urban areas, which is applied and verified in the restoration project of the Futian Mangrove Wetland in Shenzhen. The implementation of the project effectively has increased the species and number of waterbirds and enhanced the function of Shenzhen Bay as a transit point for international migratory birds. Building on the proposed restoration model, future efforts can delve into developing further refined management measures for coastal wetlands and waterbird habitats. Integrating with persistently conduct smart monitoring and evaluation of waterbird habitats in the Futian Mangrove National Important Wetland in Shenzhen for real-time updates on habitat status and bird population dynamics. This will facilitate dynamic optimization and adaptive management, supplying scientific references and technological support for high-quality habitat restoration and the establishment of the International Mangrove Center. This approach can also provide a reference framework supporting ecological restoration for coastal birsd conservation efforts globally.
▽项目有效提高了水鸟的种类和数量，增强了深圳湾作为国际候鸟迁徙中转站的功能
项目名称：福田红树林国家级自然保护区避风塘、淡水塘、5-11号塘鸟类生境修复
完成年份：2022年
项目面积：36.07公顷
项目地点：广东省深圳市福田区
设计公司：北京一方天地环境景观规划设计咨询有限公司,深圳市未名设计顾问有限公司 （WMLA）
联系邮箱：wmla@weimingbd.com；
设计团队：车迪、栾博、刘玥、周文君、林苑、李燊、谢园、黄淮、覃作仕、彭渲、杨勇、黄舒婷、郝爽、杨雪、李响、陈昕、杨丽萍、孙慧慧、张越、覃赵钱
委托单位：广东内伶仃福田国家级自然保护区管理局
特别感谢：广东内伶仃福田国家级自然保护区管理局胡平、王孟琪、杨琼、胡柳柳等各位领导的支持及王勇军、闫保华、田穗兴、蔡志扬、李瑞利等各位专家老师的帮助与指导。
合作方:
支持单位：北京大学深圳研究院、深圳市红树林生态研究中心有限公司
摄影师: 鲁冰、郝爽、张文源
Project Name: Bird Habitat Restoration in Typhoon Shelter Pond, Northern Freshwater Pond and Fishpond No. 5- No. 11, at Futian Mangrove National Nature Reserve
Completion time: 2022
Project area: 36.07hm2
Project location: Futian, Shenzhen
Company Name: Yifang Ecoscape, Shenzhen Weiming Design Consulting CO., LTD（WMLA）;
Website: Official WeChat Account: “WM Weiming Design”
Contact Email: wmla@weimingbd.com
Design Team: Che Di, Luan Bo, Liu Yue, Zhou Wenjun, Lin Yuan, Li Shen, Xie Yuan, Huang Huai, Qin Zuoshi, Peng Xuan, Huang Shuting, Hao Shuang, Yang Xue, Li Xiang, Chen Xin, Yang Liping, Sun Huihui, Zhang Yue, Qin Zhaoqian,
Client / Developer: GUANGDONG NEILINGDING FUTIAN NATIONAL NATURE RESERVE
Special thanks: The leaders of the Guangdong Neilingding–Futian National Nature Reserve, including Hu Ping, Wang Mengqi, and Yang Qiong，Hu Liuliu, as well as to experts including Wang Yongjun, Yan Baohua, Tian Suixing, Cai Zhiyang, and Li Ruili, for their support and guidance.
Photographer: Lu Bing，Hao Shuang, Zhang Wenyuan
“ 在紧邻深圳中心区的海岸湿地上，一条与候鸟共栖的岸线，谱写了都市繁华与自然野性的协奏曲。”
审稿编辑：Maggie
更多 Read more about: 未名设计WMLA
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