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土人设计：在泰国曼谷繁华的城市中心地带，设计团队将一个前烟草工厂转变成了一座活力四射的新文化地标——班加科特森林公园。项目之初，设计团队面临场地上洪涝和干旱交替发生、北侧运河水体污染严重、可达性差、建设资金有限、工期紧张（仅18个月）等多重挑战。通过生态修复手段，设计将场地转变为了可提供全面生态系统服务且富有韧性的生态系统：设计后的公园可以拦截瞬时暴雨积洪并降低其破坏力、净化被污染的水体、调节旱涝，以及为野生动物提供亟需的栖息地。班加科特森林公园不仅成为了曼谷市中心及其周边地区最大的公共游憩空间，也为其他类似城市公共绿地设计实践提供了一种可借鉴的低维护、模式化途径。
Turenscape : In the bustling urban heart of Bangkok, our team has transformed the site of a former tobacco factory into a low-maintenance regenerative system that intercepts and reduces the destructive force of storm water, filters contaminated water and provides much-needed wildlife habitat. In addition, Benjakitti Forest Park now provides the largest public recreational space for residents of downtown Bangkok and its environs, and has become a new cultural symbol for the world-renowned vibrancy of Thailand’s capital city. The project, completed at low cost on a compressed timeframe of just 18 months, offers a replicable modular approach to urban engineering that can transform lifeless, concrete-paved ground into a resilient living ecosystem that provides a full range of ecosystem services.
场地现状与挑战 Site and challenges
曼谷位于湄南河三角洲，是一座人口超1 050万的发达城市。市区地势平坦且低洼，平均海拔在1.5m以下；属热带季风气候，旱雨两季分明，年平均降水量约为1 500mm。曼谷的大部分地区原为沼泽地，后因运河的开挖、地下水的大量抽取，以及粗放的农业灌溉而逐渐干涸；同时，地下水的过度抽取也造成了严重的地面沉降，加之全球气候变暖及城市排水基础设施不足等原因，导致当地市政排水系统无法应对瞬时暴雨产生的城市径流，进而增加了城市洪涝风险。此外，曼谷全市仅有三处城市公园面向公众开放，且城市绿地分散零碎，使用率不高。在复杂的城市生态、文化环境中，设计团队面临着多项挑战。
Located in the Chao Phraya River Delta, Bangkok is a densely populated city with more than 10.5 million residents. The urban area is flat and low-lying, with an average elevation of just 1.5 metres (4 ft. 11 in.) or less. Most of the area was originally swampland, which was gradually drained with canals and extensive groundwater pumping and irrigated for agriculture. The region experiences a monsoon climate with an average precipitation of about 1500 mm (59 in) per year. Extensive groundwater pumping has caused severe subsidence; that, coupled with the effects of global warming, has resulted in increased flood risk due to Bangkok’s low elevation and inadequate drainage infrastructure. Heavy downpours cause urban runoff to overwhelming the drainage systems, which in turn leads to severe flooding that affects much of the city.
▽场地现状鸟瞰分析 Aerial view analysis of the current situation of the site
场地西侧的城市快速路将场地与周边社区割裂，东侧为一座人工湖，南部为医院、酒店和诗丽吉王后国家会议中心，北部曾经的城市运河现已成为排水渠，水质受城市污水直排和城市径流的影响富营养化严重，水体受到严重污染。场地面积约52.7hm2，原为一座拥有80余年历史的烟草工厂。南部为办公、配套服务及生产加工区，北部为堆料及仓储区。因烟草生产的特殊性，场地内地面大面积硬化，并紧密排布着单层的厂房。除四座厂房外，其余厂房拆除后遗留下大量建筑垃圾需要处理。
The project is located in central Bangkok’s Khonti District, with an area of about 102 acres. The site was formerly a tobacco factory, densely occupied with single-story warehouses with a number of canopy trees scattered in between. The site is surrounded by Phaisingto Canal to the north, which was contaminated with urban runoff and sewage; Duang Phithak Urban Expressway to the west, which cut the site off from the adjacent community; an artificial lake to the east; and a hospital, hotel and the Queen Sirikit National Convention Centre to the south.
▽改造前场地原始照片 Original photo of the site before the renovation
场地中共有乔木有91个品种、865株，以垂叶榕（Ficus benjamina）、菩提树（Ficus religiosa）、盾柱木（Peltophorum pterocarpum）、腊肠树（Cassia fistula）、酸豆（Tamarindus indica）、杧果（Mangifera indica）为主；胸径1m以上的乔木有49株。除场地东部及单层厂房间散布的一些林荫大树外，这些乔木主要分布于道路两侧，其中榕树发达的根系已经和部分道路融为一体。因此，如何保护这些树木并使其与场地未来功能规划相契合，就成了摆在设计团队面前的一道难题。
此外，本项目的预算极为有限（上限为20美元/m2），同时在项目工期上要求10个月内建成——后因新型冠状病毒感染疫情，最终要求于18个月内建成。出于建设速度考虑，项目的实施主体确定为本地部队工程兵，因其缺乏景观类项目建设管理经验，需要采取易于施工的设计策略。另外，在本项目之前落成的森林公园一期维护成本较高，在消耗了大量水资源用于灌溉的情况下，树木长势依然堪忧，因此如何降低后续维护成本也成为了本项目的挑战之一。
In addition to the challenges of the site itself, the budget for this project was limited (ultimately, it was capped at 20 US Dollars per square meter), and the project was expected to be completed just 18 months. An additional challenge was that the project was overseen by the army, which did not have extensive experience managing landscape projects. In addition to a high potential for flooding, the canal on the northern edge of the site is heavily contaminated. Except for the creation of a small museum for the tobacco factory and a sports center, there were no programmatic requirements for the site. Our team’s design was selected through an international competition.
▽设计方案过程与场地演绎 Design process and site interpretation
设计目标和策略 Design objectives and strategies
为了应对场地面临的多重挑战，项目被构想为一个能够为这座高密度城市提供全面生态系统服务的中央公园：公园需提供生态调节服务，适应旱雨交替的热带季风气候，设计的面积共计187 500m3的雨洪调蓄空间能够保障10年一遇降雨不外排；提供供给服务，将受污染的劣Ⅴ类水净化为Ⅲ类；提供支持服务，创造林-草-湿地生态系统，为本地野生动物提供多种栖息地；提供文化服务，为城市居民与游客的游憩活动提供亟需的多种休闲设施和大型公共空间。为了实现这些目标，设计团队制定了以下设计策略。
In addressing the multiple challenges of the site and its dense urban surroundings, the project was envisioned as a central park capable of providing holistic ecosystem services to the city, including storm water regulation to adapt to the changing monsoon climate, as a demonstration of a nature-based solution for filtering polluted urban runoff and providing life support for native species, as well as providing badly needed public space for daily recreational activities and other cultural services. Three strategies guided our work to meet these objectives.
▽公园整体鸟瞰 Aerial view
1.1 营造模式化的多孔海绵湿地 Reuse and recycle
湿地是重要的生命支持系统，并在防洪抗旱、保持水土、维护生物多样性及休闲旅游等方面发挥重要作用。设计从景观生态学的角度出发，在充分尊重场地现状的前提下，营造一个基于“多孔”理念的、弹性的、水－岛交织的海绵湿地系统。
All existing trees on site were preserved and integrated into the park design. To keep the budget low, all existing main roads were to be preserved. Existing factory buildings were repurposed to house the sports center and museum, which are fully integrated into the landscape. The demolished concrete materials were recycled for the earthwork foundation and paving.
▽多孔海绵湿地鸟瞰 Aerial view
首先通过简单的挖填方技术，建造了4个散布着数百个小岛的湖区（即四大人工湿地），且每个湖都设计为两种不同的深度——较浅的梯级浅水带和较深的核心区域。为了实现对现有植被的最小干预，设计团队通过对场地所有乔木生长信息进行调查统计，选择占比最高的三个冠幅数值作为小岛直径设计参数——6m、12m、25m；然后以原有的树木作为每个岛屿的中心，构筑树岛。标准化便于施工，同时可将原本坚硬粘滞的表层土壤转变为海绵化生物栖息地，以水作为媒介，疏通物质和能量交换；核心区水位变化提供调蓄空间的同时，可营造条件各异的多样化生境。
First, cut-and-fill techniques were used to create wetlands dotted with islets. Without importing or exporting earthen fill, three constructed wetlands scattered with hundreds of mini-islands were created by simple cut and fill procedures to transform the impermeable, concrete-paved ground into a spongy and porous landscape, which is expected to retain up to 200,000M3 (23 million US gal) of storm water from the surrounding area during the monsoon season. This tilled landscape also transformed the otherwise hard clay surface soil into wet and spongy habitat, allowing a rich native plant community to establish itself with minimal irrigation or maintenance needed during the dry season. This modular landscape can be easily executed with a single excavator and minimizes dependence on skilled labor.
▽大小不一的小岛自由散布 Small islands of all sizes spread freely
湖区的梯级浅水带与沿公园北部和西部边缘修建的L型线性净化湿地相连，运河河水被引入湿地中并得到净化，每日净化水量可达8 152m3。净化后的水体流经梯级浅水带汇入布满小岛的湖区中，依据“边缘效应”，这里的水质净化效率更高，并可促进这一水陆生境交错带物种多样性和种群密度的提升，包括促进钳嘴鹳（Anastomus oscitans）、小䴙䴘（Tachybaptus ruficollis）、大白鹭（Ardea alba）等重要湿地物种的活动强度和生产力。
污染水体经预处理后进入L型表流湿地和潜流湿地，借助高差推动水体自东向西、自北向南流动，经过曝氧及挺水与沉水植被的净化过程、微生物降解过程，以及生物捕食过程，水体中污染物（如BOD、COD、TSS、重金属元素等）的含量将大幅降低，水体内的氮磷等富营养化物质也可以转化为场地内湿地植物和农作物的生长肥料，达到循环利用目的。
The foundation and foot of each individual islet was consolidated using recycled concrete materials. While pre-existing trees remain at the center of individual islands, young canopy tree seedlings were also planted on each of the newly constructed mounds at minimal cost.
Each of the three major wetlands is designed to have two depths: a shallow, terraced shoreline and a deeper core area. The terraced shoreline is connected to a linear water-quality remediating wetland built along the north and west edge of the park that filters contaminated water from the canal, and can improve the quality of 8，152m3 （2 Million US gal）of water from the poorest grade V to grade III each day. The amount of filtered water is sufficient to nourish the wetlands throughout the dry season and turn the shallow shoreline into a life-supporting ecotone that allows for establishment of a lush vegetative community.
▽公园湿地营造了丰富的生物多样性 The park’s wetlands create a rich biodiversity
其次，“多孔”原则也被运用于改建而成的体育中心和博物馆中：部分厂房的屋顶经过改造设计，可将自然光照引入室内，并可使建筑的混凝土外壳逐渐变为生机勃勃的“绿墙”；甚至在有些厂房内部植入运动场地和生态化的垛岛，形成一座座充满活力的“绿色建筑”。
Third, for the sports center and museum that make use of existing buildings, the principle of porosity was also applied to transform the factory buildings by daylighting portions of the roofs and allowing the living landscape to penetrate through the buildings’ concrete shells.
▽更新后的厂房充满自然与生机 The updated plant is full of nature and vitality
3.2 营造低预算、低维护的“野性自然” Fostering a low-maintenance “Messy Nature”
为了满足低预算、短周期的设计要求，场地现有的资源被回收及再利用，融入公园的景观系统设计中。场地的主要道路均予以保留，在此基础上形成新的公园道路系统；减少干预、最大限度地保留现有乔木及林下空间，回收厂房拆除后的混凝土材料，用于构建岛屿的土方基础和边坡加固，同时用作公园的铺装材料。这种模式化景观仅依靠一台挖掘机即可实现就地填挖、堆地成岛，从而将施工成本降至最低。
除场地原有的树木外，设计团队在新建岛屿上以最低的成本种植乡土林荫树种幼苗；同时，在具有丰富微环境的人工地形上播撒种子、种植幼苗，为植物群落的自然演替创造基础，以形成一个低维护的植物嵌合体，这将持续、自发地丰富乡土物种，促进动植物共生关系的形成，提升生物多样性和群落稳定性，从而建立生机勃勃的本土植物群落。水体与绿地充分交融的海绵状的多孔景观也有利于降低维护成本，公园建成后，雨季最大蓄水量可达20万立方米，足以在整个旱季滋养公园内的所有植被，降低灌溉需求，实现植物群落的自我繁衍。
In order to meet the design requirements of low budget and short cycle, the existing resources of the site were reclaimed and reused, and integrated into the landscape system design of the park. The main roads of the site will be preserved to form a new parkway system on this basis; Minimize intervention, preserve the existing trees and understory space to the maximum extent possible, and recycle the concrete material after the demolition of the plant for the construction of the island’s earthwork foundation and slope reinforcement, as well as for the park’s paving material. This patterned landscape can be filled in place and stacked into an island with only one excavator, thus minimizing construction costs.
The modulated landform with diverse micro-environments was sown with seeds and planted with tree seedlings, creating a foundation for the subsequent evolution of a semi-natural plant community. The result is a low-maintenance mosaic of vegetation that will be continually and spontaneously enriched with native species. A symbiotic ecological interrelationship between fauna and flora is developing, and the “messiness” of the constructed wetland is creating a new, highly dynamic and diverse aesthetic that sharply contrasts with the surrounding urban landscape.
▽感受公园的野性自然之美 Experience the wild natural beauty of the park
3.3 提高可达性，创造沉浸式的游憩空间 Creating immersive places for people
为提高公园的可达性、增强公园与周边社区及绿地的联系，项目设计了一条空中步道，将多年来被城市快速路分割的地块串联在一起。空中步道降低了对野生动物的干扰，也为游客提供了可以同时欣赏湿地“野性自然”及都市天际线的独特体验。
Multiple boardwalks were designed along the edge of the shallow wetlands that allow visitors to have immersive experience of urban nature. A skywalk runs through the tree canopies. That ties together the entire park, which for decades was sliced through by major roads, and creates a unique immersive experience amidst the tropical foliage.
▽链接社区与公园绿地的空中步道，让步行漫游空间增加更多使用的可能性 A skywalk linking the community to the park’s green space increases the possibility of using the space on foot
公园内部在保留和重新利用主要道路的同时，通过可渗透的生物滞留池和花圃，分隔自行车道与人行道，使原本为重型卡车设计的宽阔道路拥有更加宜人的尺度。沿着浅水湿地的边缘增设的多条相互交织的栈道可创造慢行的休闲体验，让游客沉浸式地感受人工湿地的自然景观。公园核心区域的大草坪和户外剧场、博物馆旁的水稻田、大量的林下空间等场所旨在创造多样活动的都市乐园，为曼谷市民及游客的各类公共生活提供舞台。
Inside the park, while retaining and repurposing the main road, bicycle paths are separated from footpaths by permeable bio-retention ponds and flower beds, giving the wide road originally designed for heavy trucks a more pleasant dimension. The addition of multiple interwoven walkways along the edge of the shallow wetland creates a leisurely leisure experience, allowing visitors to immerse themselves in the natural landscape of the constructed wetland. In the core area of the park, the large lawn and outdoor theater, the rice field next to the museum, and a large number of Spaces under the forest are designed to create an urban paradise of diverse activities, providing a stage for various types of public life for Bangkok citizens and visitors.
▽公园内部休闲步道 Recreational trails within the park
▽树木的保留，为林下空间创造了多样活动的都市乐园 The understory Spaces created by the preserved trees create an urban paradise of diverse activities
建成效果与讨论 Performance
尽管班加科特森林公园二期面临各种严苛挑战，但事实证明，它的建造取得了巨大的成功。从生态系统服务的角度评估，公园满足了提供调节服务、供给服务、支持服务和文化服务的设计目标。
2022年夏，曼谷再次经历了城市水患，公园及其附近地区并未受灾；水质净化湿地表现良好，如预期般地调蓄了足够的雨水，维系了湿地系统度过旱季，且市民可明显感受到公园的水体变得清澈、无异味。此外，公园的生物多样性显著提升：自2022年5月至今，公园内已观察到鸟类近百种，数十种其他野生动物在此栖息觅食。作为曼谷市中心最大的城市公园，其所展现出的“野性自然”正在创造一种全新的、高度动态的、多样化的美学，与周围的都市景观形成鲜明对比。每天有数以万计的游客在园中进行慢跑、骑行、家庭聚会、学校庆典、野餐、艺术交流、约会和婚纱照摄影等活动。公园已成为泰国首都的一处新地标，在社交媒体上广受欢迎。
本项目在低预算、短周期的要求下，实施了让自然做功的模式化解决方案，通过采用小规格苗木种植和种子播撒，引入植被的自我演替，为曼谷提供了一座与市民共同成长的公园。作为“海绵城市”理论和技术在海外又一实践项目，该项目的建设创新性地探索了如何在更低成本的条件下，创造一个基于自然、让自然做功的基底，从而提供生态系统服务，为当地居民带来更高的生活品质。其在坚硬粘质土壤的低成本改良、废弃物再利用、工业遗产改造利用等方面均积累了成功经验，可为曼谷和世界其他类似城市的可持续公园建设提供参考。
Despite having been built on an extremely compressed timeframe, Benjakitti Forest Park has proven a great success. While much of Bangkok flooded last summer, the park and its immediate vicinity did not. The water-quality remediating wetland is performing well and produces enough water to keep the wetland alive through the dry season. A rich variety of birds and other wildlife has taken up residence in the park. The most striking achievement is that this naturally regenerative system is now the largest park in densely populated central Bangkok and attracts tens of thousands of visitors daily, who use it for a wide variety of activities, including jogging and cycling, family gatherings, school commencements, picnics, dates and wedding photographs. It has been celebrated extensively on social media as a new symbol of Thailand’s capital city.
▽总平面图 Plan
▽姊妹湖1-剖面图 Section
▽姊妹湖3-剖面图 Section
▽姊妹湖4-剖面图 Section
▽博物馆和都市农业剖面图 Section
▽露天剧场剖面图 Section
▽L型湿地净化带剖面图 Section
▽L型湿地净化带瀑水墙剖面 Section
项目名称：泰国曼谷班加科特森林公园
设计公司：土人设计
公司网站：https://www.turenscape.com/home/index.html
联络邮箱：info@turenscape.com
项目完成年份：2022
建筑面积：52.7公顷
项目地址：泰国 曼谷市孔堤区-
主创建筑师：俞孔坚
主创建筑师邮箱：info@turenscape.com
合作方：Arsomsilp Landscape Studio
Project name: Benjakitti Forest Park, Bangkok, Thailand
Design company: Turenscape
The company’s web site: https://www.turenscape.com/home/index.html
Contact email: info@turenscape.com
Year of completion: 2022
Building area: 52.7 hectares
Project address: Kongti District, Bangkok, Thailand
Principal Architect: Yu Kongjian
Chief Architect Email: info@turenscape.com
Partner: Arsomsilp Landscape Studio
“ 以低维护，模式化的设计介入，将前烟草工厂转变为一个充满活力与生态的城市森林公园，为城市居民与游客的游憩活动提供亟需的多种休闲设施和大型公共空间的同时，更为本地野生动物提供多种栖息地。”
审稿编辑 Maggie
更多 Read more about: 土人设计Turenscape
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