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Thanks to Arcplus for authorizing the publication of the project on mooool, Text description and photos provided by Arcplus.
华建集团：作为从古至今当地白族人的聚落地和水崇拜圣地，洱海紧密连接着此地的居民和土地。设计团队利用这种与水的密切而独特的连接，通过重新审视自然的赠与，以最小干预的设计方式最大化地发挥自然做功能效；重振了大理逐渐衰败的标志性水域，使少数民族文化景观恢复、生态恢复和濒危物种栖息地恢复与活跃工业和农业相辅相成。
这项生态修复工程在环洱海沿岸建立了129公里长900公顷的开放式保护区。建成后洱海水质显著提升，生物多样性困境被扭转；随着生命再次再度绽放，海菜花所代表的人与湖泊的纽带也被重新缝合，并为气候变化下的全球湖库系统提供了一种可供参考的应对策略。
Arcplus：Erhai Lake plays a vital role in connecting residents of towns around the lake spiritually with mother nature, such as Shuanglang, Xizhou, etc. It serves as a worship place for the Bai people, an ethnic minority with a population of about 53.8% in Dali. Utilizing this unique attachment to the waterscape, the design team maximized ecological benefit with minimal human intervention. The design reinvigorates Dali City’s iconic yet filthy water and restores the landscape, environment, and habitat of endangered species while supporting the needs of nearby industry and agriculture.
This project established a 129-kilometer-long, 9000000㎡ open reservation area along Erhai Lake. Its water quality and biodiversity have significantly improved, providing a sustainable lake restoration strategy and system for organizations worldwide.
01/ 场地情况 Site Background
洱海位于中国西南边陲的苍山脚下，是大理的母亲湖。它是国家级自然保护区的一部分、重要饮用水源地，也是众多少数民族聚落地，为大理的发展提供了重要的自然资源与环境。然而近年来，这一高原湖泊的自然景观、地质地貌、生物资源等都受到城市快速发展的影响，生态退化严重。人口聚集和旅游产业飞速发展更加剧了人地矛盾。昔日清澈的饮用水源地现面临着富营养化、水华爆发、多样性下降、入侵物种加剧等问题，特征物种如海菜花在IUCN 濒危物种红色名录中被列为易危，当地尚水的少数民族文化的延续也遇到了困境。
Erhai Lake, the main lake in Dali, is located at the foot of Cangshan Mountain on the southwestern border of China. It is a national nature reserve, an essential source of drinking water, and a home to many ethnic minorities, providing critical natural resources for the development of Dali. However, in recent years, the lake’s natural landscape, geological landforms, and biological resources have been affected dramatically by rapid urban development. Population growth and the massive influx of tourists have exacerbated the conflicts between humans and nature. Formerly clean water sources began facing problems including eutrophication, algal blooms, the decline in diversity, and invasive species. A cultural symbol, Ottelia acuminata, is now listed as vulnerable species in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. As water pollution increased, it became more and unfeasible for the culture of water worship to pass on to the next generations.
02/ 创新的区域景观的规划方法 Innovative Landscape Planning Methods
繁杂的场地限制条件迫使设计团队提出了具有创新性的区域景观规划方法：重新审视自然的赠与，对多重社会挑战做出动态的适配回应，扩大自然做功的能效。从生态空间格局、生态系统质量、生态胁迫和社会参与等因素构建目标框架与评估体系，以达到包容性治理和持续提高湖滨带韧性、环境健康和人类福祉的成果。项目于2018年3月启动，并于2021年底完工。在多学科合作、政府介入与公众参与下，一个基于NbS（基于自然的解决方案）的流域尺度治理体系被构建。
Complex site constraints forced the design team to propose landscape planning methods that differed by scale, making dynamic responses to social challenges with the re-evaluation of the gift of nature, so as to expand nature’s efficiency. The team constructed a framework and evaluation system based on ecological spatial distribution, ecosystem quality, environmental stress, and community engagement to reach four main goals: improvement of lakeside resilience and sustainability, health, and human well-being. Commencing in March 2018 and completed by 2021, this project constructed a nature-based solution for waterscape management in the scale of entire watershed with multidisciplinary cooperation, government intervention, and public participation.
03/ 湖滨带的复苏 Recovery of the Lakeside Belt
系统化的治理体系，将设计视野从流域环洱海的局部缓冲带扩展到整个流域的平衡维系，提供了一种以景观学来重构生态基底、缝合人地关系的方法。设计遵循当地传统的自然与生命观念，通过一系列框架系统相互叠加筛选，自然衍生出以下具体设计策略：
The proposed water management system expands the vision from buffer zones to the entire watershed. This system offers a way to reconstruct the ecological base and rebuilds the human-nature relationship through landscape architecture. The design utilized the following strategies and frameworks:
<生态搬迁>
洱海周边人口的剧增和旅游业的兴盛产生展促使村镇边界逐渐侵占岸线，加剧了湖区生态系统的崩溃。项目团队综合历史岸线、生态敏感性等因素为治理划定生态红线，旨在为该区域的环境保护提供一条生态通廊；并与政府在内的多方组织研讨，通过了一项生态搬迁计划。这一过程充分体现了公众参与的可能。居民对修复洱海这一愿景态度积极，在经过协商和补偿安置后腾退出了宝贵的滨湖土地用以生态修复。该项前所未有的湖泊保护拆迁工程，涉及8个镇52个自然村1086栋建筑，在此基础上湖滨带振兴计划得以顺利实施。
<Ecological Relocation>
Rapid growth in population and tourism caused the local villages’ border to gradually encroach on the coastline, which has exacerbated the collapse of the ecosystem. The design team delineated an ecological red line based on the historical coastline and environmental sensitivity, aiming to provid a solid base for lakeside revitalization. After several discussions with residents and local government officials, an ecological relocation plan embraced by the public was passed on under the support and funding received from governments. This unprecedented lake protection and demolition project involved 1,086 buildings in 52 villages in 8 towns, fully demonstrates the possibility of public engagement.
<重塑湖岸自然空间>
长期无序发展也导致了流域生境比例失调。团队通过调研同纬度其他高原湖泊湿地生态系统与洱海历史生态系统特征，在水陆交界带重塑3：7的蓝绿比以及绿地中6：4的干湿比，助力物质循环和能量流动，使湖滨缓冲带得以发挥其本身生态功能。并根据不同生态基底将湖岸进一步细分成12种类型，针对不同类型构建适配模块，因地制宜且高效地解决全线生态恢复问题，形成洱海新的生态屏障。
<Reshaping the Natural Space on the Lakeshore>
Disorderly urban development in the past led to an imbalanced watershed habitat at Erhai Lake. By analyzing other similar wetlands and Erhai’s historical ecosystems, the team reshaped the water-plant ratio of 3:7 at the land-water interface and the dry-to-wet ratio of 6:4 in the green space to help the matter and energy cycle and boost ecological function. The lakeshore was further subdivided into 12 types according to different ecological bases. Each type has a suitable module to efficiently facilitate ecological restoration and establish ecological barriers.
<调蓄塘和沟渠湿地体系>
不同学科的成员被均匀分配到每个工作小组，按桩号分段开展设计，逐一测算200多条入湖沟渠、18条主要河道的水量和污染负荷。并结合汇水分区内的相异情形进行适配设计：确立污染物削减目标、湿地工艺、对应填料和净化植物配比，形成净化湿地模块。高污染初雨由多级截污系统消纳，后期低污染雨水再溢流入缓冲带进行次一级的净化，完整的调蓄塘和沟渠湿地体系最大限度发挥了缓冲带截污和净化的功能。
<Adjustment of Wetland Systems>
Researchers from various disciplines were assigned to evaluate the water pollution and volume of 18 rivers and more than 200 channels that merge into Erhai Lake. To form a purified wetland module, the design team then decided on pollutant reduction targets, wetland technology, the proportion of corresponding substrates, and purifying vegetation. The rainwater with high pollution is first filtered by the multi-stage rain gardens and then purified in the buffer zone. The complete rainwater management system maximizes the value of the filtration and purification functions.
<河口湿地>
上世纪的防洪和水位调控工程渠化了河道，阻断了河口的强自主恢复能力，使栖息地迅速萎退。团队利用其高韧性的特点，在再野化场地的过程中只做了最简单的梳理，即拆除原有渠化河道，在物理空间上尽可能模仿自然河口的打开。缓坡的增加增大了不定期可淹没区域，依靠自然做功自主恢复生态。消落带在一两年的冲刷淹没后，其多样性和自养能力均高于预期，本土的物种也迅速回归，形成了具有本土适应能力的河口的三角洲生境。
Estuary Wetland
Flood control and water level regulation projects in the last century have channelized natural riverbanks, which caused the loss of self-recovery ability and natural habitats in lake environments. The re-wilding process designed in this project restores the natural riverbanks and reshapes the natural form of the estuary. The gentle sloping bank increases the submerged area, allowing for ecological recovery. Specific strategies were utilized such as recovering a 3000-5000㎡forest for nest, meadow wetlands with 0-30cm water depth and 75% vegetation coverage, as well as deadwood and stones at 0-0.3m above the normal water level of wetland according to the habitat preference of local birds. Two years after the establishment, 59 waterfowl species are able to be spotted now. As native species returned, the delta formed a resilient habitat.
<可持续自管理体系>
所有的设计及施工时序都考虑了场地演替的自然规律，旨在形成能够自我维护、抗干扰强、动态平衡的自管理生态系统。例如在滞留初期雨水的表流湿地系统中，雨季的暴雨常常使得前置净化措施饱和，而大理年2000 mm的蒸发量使旱季湿地维护成为严峻挑战。为此团队采用了深浅分区的大面积缓坡草坪，选取本地草籽混播，保障一定缓冲、净化功能的同时兼顾了旱季草地的耐践踏性，大大降低了湿地维护成本。另一例子中，上述提到的藻类定期的收集与清除入侵物种的工作被结合起来，以维持较低人工介入、不增加额外成本，为本土水下及湖滨带群落提供自然恢复的空间。
<Sustainable self-mantenance system>
All design and construction processes considered the natural law of ecological succession. The design team aimed to form a self-managed and self-maintained ecosystem that is hardy and dynamically balanced.
<会呼吸的湖泊>
水下森林吸收氮磷成长及消亡、腐植冲上岸边通过太阳照射钙化、氮磷随之排出湖体。这是湖泊自净的重要过程，而传统的做法可能会将这些不够“美观”的浅滩抹除。团队通过研究风向、水流、结合现场踏勘，确定湖泊自净的物质交换点的位置，在设计中积极保留了湖泊的这些呼吸口，同时疏导游人不要过多接近，优化区域驳岸形式来辅助增强湖体自净能力。部分排出物通过浪涌冲至岸边进行自我消纳，剩余部分由集中人工收纳。节省72%人力耗费，增加58%排出量。
<Breathing Lake>
The water’s self-cleaning process begins with aquatic plants absorbing nitrogen and phosphorus to grow. As the plants die and are decomposed by sunlight, the nitrogen and phosphorous leave the lake. However, conventional methods in Erhai removed the shallow area for plants to decompose at the shallow area purely for aesthetics. The design team sought to right this wrong by reserving locations for the self-purification process and preventing human interference after surveying the wind direction and water flow. Some of the dead plants washed to the shore due to the surge of self-consumption, and the remaining ones were collected manually. This tactic lowered work requirements by 72% and increased discharge by 58%.
<拟自然设计>
工程中采用了大量拟自然的设计手法，看似天然，实则设计所得，是集具了水安全、水环境、水生态、融入生产、生活、旅游的系统优化整合设计，充分发挥自然的自主恢复能力，形成人与自然和谐共生的可持续发展模式。
<低干扰服务系统>
在基础设施的选线及布点以尽可能降低人为扰动为目标，设计仅在湖滨带内设置了一条供生态监测和慢行交通的6.5m环湖通廊，使环湖连贯的漫步和骑行成为可能；道路局部穿插2m砂石步道，并混播了草籽，通过植物根系加强面层的固化效果。此基础上串联布点基础服务设施，如本土文化元素驿站、清洁能源的观光游览车、消隐观鸟平台、自然材料坐凳、低照度月光照明、智慧系统高效管控等，满足周边村落人群及游客的基本需求，引领低碳、健康的生活方式。
<Low-Interference Service System>
The design of the lake’s infrastructure layout was aimed at minimizing human disturbance. Only one 6.5-meter-wide pedestrian loop around the lake provides bicycle, pedestrian, and ecological monitor access. Grass pavers were used in several spots to consolidate surface soil with the grass root system. The pathway loop connects to multiple facilities, such as culture pavilions, stops for clean energy sightseeing cars, hidden bird-watching platforms, benches made of natural materials, and low-energy lighting, helping local villagers and tourists to lead low-carbon, healthy lifestyles.
<延续本土文化>
整体规划方案致力于尊重、保护和强调场地内的独特遗产，使少数民族文化景观恢复与生态恢复相辅相成。例如洱海边的居民有在村头唱戏的习惯，设计将这样的传统空间保留在洱海边，既释放了洱海的生态价值，又形成了具有认同感的地域景观。现在，每天晚上都能听到动听的白族“山花体”，传统风习得以延续。还有一家幼儿园，小朋友们的课堂不再局限于围墙之内，而是拥有了整个洱海。设计重塑了人、社会与自然的关系，影响了人们的生态观念。本地老百姓说，这个就是他们小时候，没有被开发前洱海的样子。
<Passing on Local Culture>
The Erhai Lake master plan was proposed to respect, protect, and emphasize the site’s unique heritage, enabling the restoration of cultural landscapes as well as ecological. For instance, a cultural space was reserved that can be used for traditional folk song performances. Spaces like that raise the ecological value of Erhai Lake and enhance the sense of identity. Now, the beautiful music of the Bai people is recited every night. The restored Erhai Lake has also been used as an outdoor classroom for schoolchildren. Its design has reshaped the man-nature attachment, and has changed how people view ecology. Residents have said that the design brings them back to the Erhai Lake before it was polluted.
04/ 设计成效 Design Achievements
自然湖滨缓冲带建成后，其中350ha自然净化湿地可消减COD 1160957kg/a、TN 59540.7kg/a、TP 17963.7kg/a，洱海水质稳定靠近II类水质，当地动物多样性指数大幅提升，鸟类数量明显增多。最重要的是，代表清洁水体的指示植物的海菜花也重新回到了人们的视野，海菜花生物量占比和建设前比较增大了6倍，面积达到了10万平米左右，并且还在不断扩大。
洱海湖滨带保护工程不仅提出了保护自然景观和解决人地矛盾的有效方法和战略， 体现景观解决复杂社会经济等问题的能力和对政策的推动，逆转了不合理开发造成的损失，更见证了一个地区的良性的、富有责任感的发展历程。项目拓展和丰富了原住民的生活，展示了少数民族的生产生活、居住以及建造的文化，提供了重新认识和构建他们与湖泊之间的关系的渠道。目前洱海地区平均客流量达到1.16万人次/天，自行车等慢行交通设施每天使用人次可达4000次以上，中小学自然教育活动迅速攀升，摄影爱好者和徒步者也出现井喷式增长；改善的环境也辅助了当地产业结构升级，促进可持续发展，保护了当地的特色的文化和历史。
This project proposed effective methods and strategies to protect the natural landscape and resolve the conflicts between man and nature. It reflects the ability to solve complex social and economic problems, reversing the negative impacts of overdevelopment and facilitating the development of a healthier and more cohesive Erhai Lake community. The project raised the quality of life for residents and preserved the culture of minorities. The average passenger flow in the Erhai area has reached 11,600 people a day, with more than 4,000 people using bicycles and other slow-traffic facilities. The upgraded environment has positively influenced the local industry. The restored lakeside attracts many primary school classes, photographers, and hikers, making for a more colorful and engaging community atmosphere.
Erhai Lake Ecological Restoration Project sets forth methods and strategies to protect the natural landscape and solve the contradiction between man and land, permanently limits poor development practices and has outlined a regional process of responsible development combined with preservation of lake.
项目名称：大理市环洱海流域湖滨缓冲带生态修复与湿地建设工程
建设单位：大理市洱海生态环境保护“三线”划定项目工程指挥部
项目地点：云南省大理市
项目规模：898.34ha，环洱海一周，129km，村庄段宽度15m，郊野段宽度100m
设计/竣工时间：2019年4月-2020年12月
设计单位：华建集团建筑装饰环境设计研究院
指导总师：应博华
项目负责人：杨凌晨
项目经理：王骞永
总控团队：杨凌晨、郭振华、费景波、王雨晨、魏宁
景观方案设计：王庆、曹旭、刘丽、聂蓉、片照岩、张敏杰、张立达、许玲
施工图设计：朱晓韵、张俊晨、罗忠华、姚靓凯、蒋贵洲、裴洁、瞿浩源、熊廷柱、张晓松
种植设计：朱双武、高小钰、张欣欣
景观泛光照明：宋华、程一、徐博
标志标识设计：何为、朴敬美、梁鑫鑫
机电设计：刘帅
结构设计：朱佳、董波
合作设计：
中水北方勘测设计研究有限责任公司（水利、市政）
北京正和恒基滨水生态环境治理股份有限公司（水环境、部分景观）
文案策划：mooool
Project Name: Erhai Lake Ecological Restoration Project
Developer: Engineering headquarters of erhai Ecological environment protection “Third Line” demarcation project in Dali City
Location: Dali City, Yunnan Province
Project scale: 898.34ha, surrounded by Erhai Lake, 129km, 15m width of village section, 100m width of countryside section
Design/Completion: April 2019 — December 2020
Design unit: Architectural Decoration environment Design and Research Institute of Arcplus
Project Principal: Ying Bohua
Project Leader: Yang Lingchen
Project Manager: Wang Qianyong
Collaborators:
Zhongshui North Survey, Design and Research Co., LTD. (Water Conservancy, Municipal Administration)
Beijing Zhenghe Hengji Waterfront Ecological Environment Management Co., LTD. (Water Environment, part of landscape)
“把滨水空间还给社会大众，而非个别的既得利益者，这是一件了不起的改善民生工程。”
审稿编辑：Via Wang
更多 Read more about：华建集团
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