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KANVA 是一家位于蒙特利尔的设计公司，以其超越建筑形状与形式界限的深刻项目而闻名。蒙特利尔生态馆（Montreal Biodome）是KANVA引以为豪的翻新项目，这是一家沉浸式科学博物馆，能让游客亲身体验多种生态系统的真实环境。
KANVA, a Montreal-based firm renowned for meaningful projects extending beyond the boundaries of architectural shapes and forms, is proud to unveil the delicate grandeur of the newly redesigned Biodome, a Montreal science museum that immerses visitors in the authentic environs of multiple ecosystems.
开放于1992年的蒙特利尔生态馆前身是为1976年奥运会设计的自行车赛车场，这里是加拿大参观人数最多的博物馆之一，是国家境内博物馆界的璀璨明珠。KANVA在2014年赢得一项国际建筑竞赛后，生命空间联盟（Space for Life）耗资2500万美元委托其负责博物馆群项目，包含对生态馆、天文馆、昆虫馆和植物园的翻新。
Housed in the former Velodrome, constructed for the Montréal 1976 Olympic Games, the Biodome opened in 1992 and is a jewel in the crown of a consortium of facilities that collectively account for the most visited museum spaces in Canada. After winning an international architectural competition in 2014, KANVA, co-founded by Rami Bebawi and Tudor Radulescu, was commissioned for the $25 million project by Space for Life, the body charged with overseeing operations of the Biodome, Planetarium, Insectarium, and Botanical Garden.
KANVA的合伙人兼项目首席建筑师Rami Bebawi表示：“我们的任务是加强游客和博物馆独特生态系统之间的沉浸式体验，并对建筑的公共空间进行改造。过程中我们欣然接受了生态馆在提高人类对自然环境复杂性认识方面所发挥的作用，特别是在当前气候变化的背景下，了解其影响是至关重要的。”
“Our mandate was to enhance the immersive experience between visitors and the museum’s distinct ecosystems, as well as to transform the building’s public spaces,” notes Rami Bebawi, a partner of KANVA and the project’s lead architect. “In doing so, we proudly embraced the role that the Biodome plays in sensitizing humans to the intricacies of natural environments, particularly in the current context of climate change and the importance of understanding its effects.”
复杂的故事线 A complex storyline
KANVA从一开始就对场馆建筑极大的复杂性做了研究，这是一个由生态系统和非常复杂的机械系统组成的生命有机体，对维持生命至关重要。在这里任何类型的干预都需要非常谨慎，总体策略也需要对许多微干预进行细致的协调和管理。每一个决定都需要跨学科的沟通协商，生态馆的翻新是一部包含着KANVA与多方协调努力的热血史书。
From the onset, KANVA studied the tremendous complexity of the building, a living entity comprised of ecosystems and very complex machinery that is critical to supporting life. They realized that any type of intervention would need to be very delicate, and that a global strategy to the scale of the mandate would require careful coordination and management of numerous micro interventions. Every decision required consultations across multiple disciplines, and it became a truly collaborative effort that embraced KANVA’s storyline.
Bebawi说：“每个人都对总体策略心知肚明，他们本着合作的精神把这种理解刻在心里。这是一次非常鼓舞人心的经历，将成为我们今后在设计中更好地解决环境问题的范例。”
对于空间的改造，KANVA着眼于将建筑遗产价值最大化。设计拆除了入口处原有的低矮天花板，精心设计的新核心空间为参观者留下了深刻的印象。在拆除原有的天花板后，KANVA将空间向天空打开，卓越的屋顶便显露出来，巨大的天窗为场馆室内注入了充足的自然光线。
“Everybody understood the global vision, and they carried that understanding with them in the spirit of collaboration,” says Bebawi. “It was a very inspirational experience that will serve as a model for better addressing environmental issues in design in the future.”
From an organizational perspective, KANVA began by targeting spaces that could be transformed in ways that would maximize the value of the building’s architectural heritage. The carving of a new core combined with the demolition of the particularly low ceiling at the entrance of the building allows visitors to appreciate the impressive scale of the existing space. In gutting the existing ceiling, KANVA opened the space skyward to the building’s extraordinary roof, composed of massive skylight panels that infuse an abundance of natural light.
▼屋顶上巨大的天窗 The building’s roof, composed of massive skylight panels
平静的核心 A calming nucleus
将场馆内各个空间看作一个生态系统，巨大的开放空间形成了生态系统空间之间的核心，通过参数化设计生成的“活着的”表皮（墙体）包裹在生态系统空间周围，像导游一样陪同游客参观。由于结构工程异常复杂，安装预制的纯白亲生物表皮是一项艰巨的任务。不能给犯错误留有余地，将表皮固定在弯曲的铝制结构上拉伸，利用张力、悬臂和三角梁结构进行悬挂，并将其锚定到主要的钢结构上。为了适应各种变化和方便现场调整，还采用了机械连接。
With a massive open space now forming the core between the ecosystems, KANVA parametrically designed a living skin that they could wrap around the ecosystems, and which would serve as a guiding accompaniment to visitors. With exceptionally complicated structural engineering, the installation of the prefabricated pure white, biophilic skin was a monumental task. With no room for error, the skin was curved and stretched around a bowed aluminum structure, using tension, cantilevering, and triangular beams for suspension, and itself anchored to a primary steel structure. Mechanical junctions were also incorporated in order to accommodate a variety of movements and allow for on-site adjustments.
▼通道空间 The channel
半透明的表皮与上方的天窗和谐互动，倾斜的天际线激发出平静而无限的感觉。新的核心空间还增强了游客的感官体验，从纯粹的中立向周围空间的多感官体验过渡。Rami Bebawi解释道：“核心空间有半公里长，有近四层楼那么高，这是一个非常强大的工具。这是空间的象征，纯净的白色突出了原始的混凝土结构，并与之形成了鲜明的对比。”
The translucent skin harmoniously interacts with the skylights above, with beveled horizons that elicit a sense of calm and infinity. The new core also amplifies the sensorial experience of visitors transitioning from its pure neutrality to the multi-sensorial discovery of its adjacent ecosystems. “It’s a very powerful tool, half a kilometer in length and rising nearly four storeys,” explains Rami Bebawi. “It’s extremely emblematic of the space, and the white purity beautifully highlights and contrasts the original structural concrete.”
感官设计 Sensorial design
之后KANVA将重点放在了参观旅程的本身，新的参观通道旨在将原本的线性式探索之路转变为更具活力的体验，游客可以在这里参观生态馆里的五个生态系统空间，有超过25万种动物和500种植物，游览线路由游客自行决定。从概念上讲，KANVA的目标是营造一种更加沉浸式的体验，着重将注意力集中在寻求感官体验上，把视觉放在声音、嗅觉和触觉之后。从宁静的大厅开始，起伏的纯白墙体将游客引入一条10米长的隧道，一直通往中央的核心空间，五个生态系统空间便在那里等待着游客的到来，包括热带雨林区、劳伦系枫树林区、圣劳伦斯海湾区、亚南极群岛区和拉布拉多海岸区。
KANVA then focused on the journey itself, designing new passages aimed at transforming the existing linear path of discovery into a more dynamic experience, where visitors take charge of their own journeys through the Biodome’s five ecosystems, housing more than 250,000 animals and 500 plant species. Conceptually aiming for a more immersive experience, KANVA focused its attention on soliciting senses, relegating sight to the end of the line behind sound, smell, and touch. From the calming lobby hall, the undulating living skin funnels visitors into a 10-meter tunnel leading to the central core, where their exploration of five ecosystems, including Tropical Rainforest, Laurentian Maple Forest, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Sub-Antarctic Islands, and Labrador Coast, begins.
入口隧道的特点是倾斜的地面，这种微妙的倾斜旨在通过狭长的白色通道来减缓游客的行进速度，并为接下来新鲜的感官输入腾出空间。等游客们到达中央核心区后，有生命力般的墙体引导着他们进入生态系统空间的入口，这被称作“生态运输”。生态运输系统的末端是各个生态系统空间的入口自动门，就算在门被打开后，门上的珠帘依然起到了遮挡人们视线的作用。穿过珠帘，游客首先便感受到自然栖息地的气候、气味和声音，随后才慢慢欣赏景致。
The entry tunnel features a very subtle floor incline, intended to slow the pace of movement through a compressed white passage, and to void the mind for fresh sensory input. Once visitors reach the central core, smaller slits in the living skin, called eco-transits, lead them towards the ecosystem entrances. As automatic doors at the end of the eco-transit open into the ecosystem, it remains visually obstructed by a curtain of beads. By the time visitors pass through the beads, they have been exposed to the climate, smells, and sounds of the natural habitat before seeing anything.
在亚南极群岛区的入口处，一条新的冰隧道作为过渡空间方便游客适应接下来的变化，海雀和企鹅的声音和气味为游客带来了额外的感官刺激。
At the entrance of the Subpolar Regions, KANVA designed a new ice tunnel that acclimatizes visitors during the transition, while the sounds and smells of puffins and penguins ahead provide additional sensory stimulation.
在垂直方向上，KANVA在生态系统空间上方增加了一个全新的空间，可以通过人行步道进入，游客穿梭在热带雨林间，与圣劳伦斯海湾区的宏伟树木互动。步道通向一个新的夹层，游客可以在此俯瞰各个生态系统空间和纯白墙体包裹的核心区。新的夹层也作为一个技术层，有互动教育展览，使游客了解各个生态系统空间的维护运作原理。
Vertically, KANVA added an entire new level above the ecosystems, accessible via walkways enabling visitors to move through the foliage of majestic trees of both the Tropical Rainforest and Gulf of St. Lawrence ecosystems. The walkways lead to a new mezzanine, offering aerial views of the various ecosystems and the pure white nucleus. The new mezzanine also serves as a technical floor, with interactive educational exhibits and insight into the elaborate machinery required to preserve the facility’s delicate ecosystems.
▼夹层空间 The new mezzanine
学习的过程 A learning process
在为企鹅们设计新的水池之前，KANVA的设计师花了数周时间与生物学家和兽医一起，以便深入了解企鹅的游泳模式。为了给观察点提供更加真实的感觉，让游客可以在海狸的自然栖息地观察它们，设计师研究了海狸自身的建造能力。让海狸自己“加工雕刻”木头，然后把木头晾干用于装饰空间内部，以此提升真实感。
Before designing a new water basin for the facility’s resident penguins, KANVA staff spent weeks with biologists and veterinarians in order to gain insight into the specie’s swimming patterns. To provide an authentic feel to an observation point where visitors can observe beavers in their natural habitat, the firm studied the architectural prowess of the beavers. The idea emerged to let the beavers carve the wood themselves, which was then dried and used to line the interior of the space.
▼馆内有超过25万种动物和500种植物 Housing more than 250,000 animals and 500 plant species
Bebawi解释道：“在你开始设计一个充满生物的环境空间之前，学习和谦逊的态度是必不可少的。当我们做人本设计时，把自己代入设想之中会觉得是理所当然的，但如果是为水獭或树懒而设计，作为设计师则需要重新自我学习。” 生态馆的翻新项目是KANVA设计履历里的一抹重彩，学习的过程推进了他们对建筑的探索，建筑应更具渗透性，成为人与自然和谐共处的桥梁，而不是与外界相连的阻碍。
“Before you can even begin to design in an environment with living species all around you, education and a notion of humbleness are required,” explains Bebawi. “We take basic assumptions about ourselves for granted when we design for other human beings, but designing for an otter or a sloth requires that you re-educate yourself.” The entire experience has enriched KANVA’s journey as an architectural firm. The educational process has advanced their exploration of how buildings, rather than being barriers to external forces, can be rendered more permeable as harmonious cohabitations between humans and nature.
“我们需要让人与环境重新联系起来，生态馆以令人耳目一新的方式做到了这一点，我们为自己的贡献感到自豪，”Bebawi补充道，“六年来这个项目为我们提供了宝贵的知识，为我们未来的项目储备了创新的方法，建筑可以成为促进环境转变的工具。”
“We need to reconnect people with the environment, and the Biodome does that in a refreshing way that we are proud to have contributed to,” adds Bebawi. “This project has provided us with six years of invaluable knowledge, preparing us for new and innovative approaches to future projects where architecture becomes a tool to promote and facilitate environmental change.”
▼设计概念 Design concept
▼平面示意 Plan scheme
▼剖面示意 Section scheme
▼底层平面 Ground floor plan
▼夹层平面 Mezzanine plan
▼剖面 Sections
▼大样图 Details
KANVA: 设计建筑师, 魁北克建筑师, 协调建筑师, 项目经理. 与NEUF建筑师合作
Bouthillette Parizeau inc.:机电工程
NCK inc.: 结构工程
合作团队：
Groupe GLT+: 建筑规范专家和成本顾问
Atelier 6: 规范编制
LightFactor: 照明设计顾问
La bande à Paul: 合作展览设计
Anick La Bissonnière: 合作集合设计
Nathalie Matte: 合作博物馆学家
Bélanger Design: 导向系统专家
Topo 3D: 土地测量
Soft dB: 声学专家
KANVA: Design Architect, Quebec Architect, Coordinating Architect, Project Manager. In collaboration with NEUF architect(e)s
Bouthillette Parizeau inc.: Electromechanical engineer
NCK inc.: Structural Engineer
THE TEAM OF COLLABORATORS
Groupe GLT+: Building code specialist and cost consultant
Atelier 6: Specification writer
LightFactor: Lighting design consultant
La bande à Paul: Collaborating exhibition designer
Anick La Bissonnière: Collaborating set designer
Nathalie Matte: Collaborating museologist
Bélanger Design: Wayfinding specialist
Topo 3D: Land surveyor
Soft dB: Acoustics specialist
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