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土人设计：卡班湖滨水空间复兴规划的目标是沿着伏尔加河的三个牛轭湖群打造一套连续的绿色基础设施网络系统，在这里，水将被转化为俄罗斯喀山市走向振兴之路的重要生态遗产与文化资源。该项目将景观体系设想为多层次的弹性海绵系统，它将调节城市水文环境、恢复卡班湖生物栖息地，创造出多样的、与城市交织相融的公共空间系统，并最终成为自然、文化、与交通交织共进、和谐发展的公共平台。
Turenscape : Through prudent transformative landscape interventions, the deserted prime waterfront of Kazan City at Kaban Lake has been revitalized in a short time span. The project showcases landscape as an interactive medium that regulates hydrological environment, creates public access and provides numerous opportunities to connect new public realms which can function as a common denominator of nature, culture, and social developments. Used by tens of thousands of people daily, the project has now become a model of urban renewal, sustainable development and social equity in Russia and celebrated by the state and beyond.
目标与挑战 Challenges and Objectives
喀山是俄罗斯鞑靼斯坦共和国的古都，位于伏尔加河和卡赞卡河的交汇处，城市以卡班湖群为核心向四周环绕发展。卡班湖群是伏尔加河与其支流卡赞卡河之间的牛轭湖群，总水域面积约为186公顷（460英亩）。构成卡班湖群的三大湖体分别为下卡班湖、中卡班湖和上卡班湖，分别被布拉克运河与卡赞卡河连为一体。它们是为城市自然遗产的重要组成部分，湖泊的演变与发展直接映射了一千年来的城市扩张史。工业需求与城市的扩张不断向卡班湖群索取资源，这种对于生态环境持续破坏的高峰出现于1970 年代苏联时代的工业繁荣时期，致使该湖区内所有的水生生物几乎全部灭绝。经过30年来缺乏计划性的工程修复，湖泊的生态环境产生了一定程度的改善。但由于大量污染物的存留与滨水空间的闭塞，该区域依然是被城市所遗忘的一片荒漠。城市计划对湖区周边1,138公顷（2812 英亩）范围进行梳理，并将复兴卡班湖滨水区域、释放滨水空间潜力以打造一个生态功能完善与文化活力多元的弹性新城作为城市未来发展的重中之重。
Kazan is the capital of the Republic of Tatarstan, and is the sixth most populous city in Russia, with a population of 1.2 million. The city’s prime waterfront is the north and east shoreline of Lower Kaban Lake. The project covers a shoreline of 2.0 kilometer (1.4 miles) and an area of about 30 hectares (74 Acres). After 700 years of dumping domestic and industrial waste in Kaban Lake, the lake was forgotten as if not in existence and the city was alienated from its waterfront, resulting in the loss of an important source of cultural vitality and ecological amenities. While the industries surrounding the lake were bankrupted in past decades, the urban runoffs are still polluting the lake; brutal concrete embankments were built into the water in the historic downtown section turning the city’s prime waterfront into a lifeless concrete desert; other parts of Kaban Lake were mostly inaccessible to the public due to high-speed roadways, private communities, and overgrown groves on abandoned brownfield. The existing development area of Kaban Lake was planned around the automobile, which not only fragmented wildlife habitats, but also prevented people from reaching the waterfront. Utilizing the development opportunity presented by hosting the 2018 FIFA World Cup, the Tatarstan government decided to reclaim this prime waterfront.
▽场地原状 Site undisturbed
在此目标之下，项目面临着以下多重挑战：
1）生态资源退化 Degradation of ecological resources：
首先，经过长达800年的人类聚居和200年的工业高速发展，整个湖滨区域的生态环境已经严重恶化。野生动物栖息地被严重污染，动物迁徙廊道被城市发展所割裂。第二，下卡班湖与中卡班湖受到硫酸盐、铜、苯酚、硝酸盐和磷酸盐等化学物质的污染，水质标准为IV类至劣V类。根据俄罗斯现行法规，它们已不符合人类直接接触的条件。第三，由于伏尔加河畔的库比雪夫水库建设，城市面临着严重的洪涝风险。水库用11个水坝将湖泊彼此隔离开，导致相邻水体水位高差高达2米（6.56 英尺）。该市通过安装七个泵站来应对上述问题，但事实证明该方式在预防洪涝危险上并无成效。相对应的，“海绵城市”的建设理念可提供一种更加生态的防洪思路，在留下更少的碳足迹的同时取代传统混凝土堤坝。
2）文化活力的衰退 The decline of cultural vitality：
在长达700年的工业生活污水无序排入卡班湖群后，湖体与城市严重割裂，城市失去了重要的生态基础设施与文化活力来源。历史街区内新建的混凝土堤顶路、湖滨的高速路、私人社区的围合与杂草灌木丛生的树林都导致湖区周边可达性低、无法向公众开放。而苏联宗教镇压的历史背景进一步加剧了这种情况，滨水教堂和清真寺年久失修，至今也仅完成了修复工程的一半。
3）交通网络的不完善 The transportation network is not perfect：
现有的卡班湖区域以机动车交通为核心进行了交通规划，这不仅导致了野生动物栖息地碎片化，还将行人与滨水区隔开。可达性低、连续性差和连通性不足是影响湖区发展的三大交通问题。
Within this goal, the project faces the following multiple challenges:
1）First of all, after 800 years of human settlement and 200 years of rapid industrial development, the ecological environment of the whole lakeside area has been seriously deteriorated. Wildlife habitats have been severely polluted, and animal migration corridors have been cut by urban development. Second, Lower and Middle Caban Lakes are polluted by chemicals such as sulfate, copper, phenol, nitrate and phosphate, and the water quality standards are Class IV to inferior Class V. Under current Russian regulations, they no longer qualify for direct human contact. Third, the city is at serious risk of flooding due to the construction of the Kubyshev reservoir on the Volga River. The reservoir has 11 DAMS separating the lakes from each other, resulting in a water level difference of up to 2 meters (6.56 feet) between the adjacent bodies of water. The city responded by installing seven pumping stations, which proved ineffective in preventing flooding. Conversely, the concept of “sponge cities” could offer a more ecological approach to flood control, replacing traditional concrete DAMS with a smaller carbon footprint.
2）After 700 years of industrial and domestic sewage disordered discharge into Caban Lake group, the lake body was seriously separated from the city, and the city lost important ecological infrastructure and cultural vitality source. New concrete embankment roads in historic districts, lakeside expressways, enclosures of private communities, and overgrown woods have all resulted in low accessibility around the lake area and no access to the public. This has been exacerbated by a history of religious repression in the Soviet Union, and the waterfront church and mosque have fallen into disrepair and are only half finished.
3）The existing Caban Lake area has traffic planning centered around motor traffic, which not only leads to fragmentation of wildlife habitat, but also separates pedestrians from the waterfront. Low accessibility, poor continuity and inadequate connectivity are the three major traffic problems affecting the development of the lake District.
▽场地改造前后对比 Comparison before and after the site transformation
设计策略 Design Strategies
为应对上述挑战，该项目提出打造一套绿色的生态基础设施，将三座湖体与城市紧密的联系在一起，共同形成一个沿水岸发展的、蓝绿交织的弹性网络，保护和创造新的生物栖息地，同时联系现有社区并创造新的公共空间，为喀山市的发展注入新的活力。充分尊重现有资源，以最小干预为核心规划理念，选用切实可行的设计手段，打造高性能、低维护、可自我维持的滨水空间。以释放卡班湖沿岸的全部潜力作为喀山市海绵城市建设的核心战略，并在不同尺度上为城市提供完善多样的生态系统服务。
After winning the international competition, the landscape architect was commissioned to design the Kaban Lake waterfront revitalization project. In addressing the above challenges, he proposed three major transformative strategies to reclaim the vitality of Kazan’s prime waterfront:
▽设计策略分析 Design Strategies
▽改造后的滨水空间 The renovated waterfront space
1）生态弹性提升策略 Ecological resilience enhancement
该项目将连接和提升沿湖现有绿地空间，以构建不同层次的绿色基础设施为基础，重塑城市的发展形态，有效达到雨洪管理、恢复野生动物栖息地、引导城市智慧发展等目的。
The project will connect and enhance the existing green space along the lake, reshape the urban development form based on the construction of different levels of green infrastructure, effectively achieve stormwater management, wildlife habitat restoration, and guide the smart development of the city.
在城市空间尺度上，规划多条生态廊道来保护和调节流域内的滨水生态系统。这些廊道将主要由线性公园、湖滨景观道和生态湿地构成，减缓和吸收城市径流，并将其引导入湖泊中，同时通过新建的公园网络将城市与湖体重新连接在一起。在区域尺度上，湖岸湿地缓冲带是绿色网络中最重要的组成部分，它将在整个城市的建筑物、开放空间和自然环境之间建立起持续的共生关系。在项目周边尺度上，不同大小的沿岸开放空间将被翻修与新建，增强生物多样性的同时吸引市民回到水边活动。
Making the waterfront accessible and safe: the brutal concrete flood wall and the traffic road along the shoreline severed the relationship between the city and the water. To solve this problem, a series of platforms and boardwalks built into the water beyond the concrete embankment; ramps and stairs link these pedestrian paths and places that float above the lake with the pedestrian paths on the land. Bicycle and pedestrian trails were constructed along the lake shore. Numerous seats are provided along the pedestrian paths and the platforms.
▽亲自然的生态廊道，强生物多样性的同时吸引市民回到水边活动 The pro-nature ecological corridor strengthens biodiversity and attracts citizens back to the water side
▽滨水观景台 Waterfront viewing platform
▽阶梯式亲水平台 Stepped pro – horizontal platform
▽戏水互动装置 Interactive splashing device
▽生物多样性的公共空间 Public space for biodiversity
2）文化活力与社会包容性提升策略 Greater cultural vitality and social inclusion
鞑靼斯坦历来被俄罗斯联邦视为文化包容的绿洲。该地区主要人口构成为穆斯林，但俄罗斯人口可达共和国人口的近40%。同时超过50%的人口是伊斯兰教徒。佛教徒、万物有灵论者、犹太人、天主教徒和谐地共同居住于此。这套绿色基础设施将历史地标与新兴公园紧密地联结在一起，创建出一个多层次的城市公共空间网络。通过多样化的项目来承载城市文化习俗活动与季节性体验的需求。尽管项目的近期目标是振兴滨水区，但这些项目将极好地扩大其在激活相邻土地发展上的影响力，并最终培育起能够在全球创意经济中蓬勃发展的好客创新社区。
Creating a water remediation buffer along the lake shore: terraced wetland and bio swales are designed to catch the flows from several small ditches and the surface urban runoff. These biological infiltration facilities are integrated with recreational design and public education.
▽滨水区的更新激发了城市的活力 The renewal of the waterfront has stimulated the vitality of the city
▽场地空间丰富的休闲观景区 The site space is rich in leisure scenic spots
3）交通可达性提升策略 Improved transportation accessibility
为解决湖区交通的可达性与连通性问题，该项目利用绿色基础设施的构建建立慢行交通网络，鼓励以人为本的交通方式来缓解城市交通压力，并通过拆除或翻新分隔城市与湖体的沥青车道，重新建立人与水的亲密联系。
Programmed activities: Working with the Ministry of Culture and local communities, various cultural and sports activities are programmed, such as music concerts and movies on summer nights, yoga in the morning, and environmental education tours in daytime. People with different believes and ages gather to enjoy the prime landscape that has been forgotten.
总结 Conclusion
通过对卡班湖 1,138公顷影响区域的重新组织和生态修复，该项目有望将城市的基础设施转化为一套可自我维持的生态系统。这套发展策略将积极地应对当今现实，并稳定地发挥作用，同时为城市塑造了一个近20年内可观的发展愿景。改造计划将分为三个阶段。首先我们将注意力放在临近历史城区的下卡班湖上。该区域的绿色基础设施建设已于2018年完成，用以迎接举办2018年世界杯所带来的发展机遇。在一期工程顺利实施后，城市整体的改造工程也逐步开展起来。昔日荒凉的湖滨区域已成功重新启用，在2018年夏季向公众开放时，每天吸引 50,000名游客来访。经过了长达一个多世纪时间的隔绝在外，曾经远离城市与市民生活的卡班湖群现已成为喀山市的黄金滨水区域，它已重获健康的生态环境和文化活力，持续的为人民带来归属感、尊严感和身份认同感。
The project was completed in one year and has proven to be a great success. The first month it was open to the public in May of 2018, the formerly deserted waterfront attracted 50,000 users daily. People of different beliefs, ages, and genders find their place at the waterfront. They gather here for concerts, movies, exercising, yoga, weddings, or simply people watching and enjoying the sun. The cleansed and vegetated lakefront also attracts more migrant and resident birds. After over century’s alienation from the city and its people, Kazan’s neglected prime waterfront has now been reclaimed with ecological health, cultural vitality, and the residents’ feeling of belonging, as well as the dignity and the identity of the People ’s Republic. This project was awarded by the APA (American Planning Association) the 2019 International Excellence Planning Excellence Award, the Kevin Lynch Award for Urban Design.
▽受人们喜爱和欢迎的滨水空间 A popular and welcoming waterfront space
所获奖项：2021WAF城市景观奖；2019 APA国际规划杰出奖•凯文林奇规划设计奖
Awards: 2021WAF Urban Landscape Award; 2019 APA Award for Excellence in International Planning • The Kevin Lynch Award for Planning and Design
项目名称：俄罗斯喀山市卡班湖群滨水区
完成年份：2015
项目面积：规划面积1138.52公顷； 景观面积19.08公顷
项目地点：俄罗斯 鞑靼斯坦共和国喀山市
设计公司：北京土人城市规划设计股份有限公司
公司网址：https://www.turenscape.com/home/index.html
联系邮箱：info@turenscape.com
主创设计师：俞孔坚
设计团队：土人设计
客户：俄罗斯鞑靼斯坦共和国喀山市
合作方: MAP(MAR) architects Design Office
摄影师: 土人设计
Project name: Revitalizing Kazan’s Prime Waterfront, Russia
Year completed: 2015
Project area: Planned area: 1138.52 hectares; Landscape area 19.08 hectares
Project location: Kazan, Tatarstan Republic, Russia
Design Company: Turenscape
Company website: https://www.turenscape.com/home/index.html
Contact email: info@turenscape.com
Chief Designer: Yu Kongjian
Design team: Turenscape
Client: Government of the Republic of Tatarstan
Partner: MAP(MAR) architects Design Office
Photographer: Native design
“ 设计充分尊重现有资源，关注生态多样性，以最小的干预，打造高性能、低维护、可自我维持的滨水空间。”
审稿编辑 Maggie
更多 Read more about: 土人设计Turenscape
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