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Brusnika：通过回顾和分析自身项目经验，Brusnika的景观设计师提出了公司内部的一套住宅庭院景观设计规范。规范分条表述，有助于扩展运用并确保设计质量。
Brusnika：By analysing and reflecting on its own experience in development, observing residential areas and adapting a European approach, Brusnika’s landscape architects have come up with internal landscaping norms. Numerically expressed, the standard facilitates scaling and ensures quality in design.
▽ Brusnika已建成的项目展示 Completed projects of Brusnika
Brusnika制定并实施的规范 Brusnika has developed and put into effect the following norms
1.庭院区域的绿化范围为每平方米0.25立方米，街道区域为每平方米0.1立方米。
2.种植密度至少为每平方米6株落叶灌木、8株多年生灌木和5株针叶灌木。
3.游乐场设置于每天至少有3小时日照的地方。
4.一楼公寓带有露台，且与景观相连。
5.保证70%的庭院和30%的街道实现园林绿化。
6.在苗圃中选择树龄为10至15年、干径为30至35厘米的大树。
1.The scope of landscaping is 0.25 cubic metres per 1 square metre for courtyard areas and 0.1 cubic metres per 1 square metre for street areas.
2.The density of planting is a minimum of 6 deciduous shrubs, 8 perennials and 5 conifer shrubs per square metre.
3.Playgrounds are sited in locations with a minimal 3-hour daily insolation.
4.First floors house apartments with terraces linked to the landscape.
5.70% of courtyard and 30% of street is landscaped.
6.10 to 15 year-old adult trees with trunks of 30 to 35 cm in circumference are selected in nurseries.
这些是Brusnika的设计师在建设新的住宅区和城市空间时的基本规则，这些规范与景观设计原则相结合，构成了该公司设计方法的基石。
These are the ground rules for Brusnika’s architects while creating new residential quarters and civic spaces. The norms combined with the principles of landscape design form the bedrock of the company’s approach.
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▽ Brusnika已建成的项目展示 Completed projects of Brusnika
▽ 俄罗斯叶卡捷琳堡市”Solnechny”住宅区庭院 Courtyard in the residential area “Solnechny”, Yekaterinburg, Russia
在概念阶段完成后，景观设计的第一阶段是创建功能分区，并根据主要的人行道和车辆交通确定庭院和街道规划模式。其次，景观团队绘制功能区、主要路线和道路使用者之间的缓冲区。除了景观缓冲区外，绿化也被嵌入到各区域内部：操场、运动健身区和休闲区等，因此，所有绿化都可以归类为特定区域内的分区和空间填充。
Landscape design is done at the phase of the project concept, after conducting an urban development and contextual analyses. The first stage is to create functional zoning and identify the courtyard and street planning patterns based on the main pedestrian connections and vehicular traffic. Next, the landscape workshop team maps out buffers between the functional zones, the main routes and road users. Aside from landscaping zone buffers, greenery is also embedded inside the zones: the playground is landscaped, plants are chosen for workout and recreational areas, and so on. Thus, all greenery can be categorised as divisional and space filling within specific zones.
▽ 俄罗斯叶卡捷琳堡“Shishimskaya gorka”住宅区露台附近的绿色缓冲区 Green buffer near the terraces in the residential area “Shishimskaya gorka”, Yekaterinburg, Russia
▽ 露台附近的绿色缓冲区 Green buffer near the terraces
▽俄罗斯叶卡捷琳堡“Solnechny”住宅区的行道树 Alley tree planting in the residential area “Solnechny”, Yekaterinburg, Russia
根据空间类型选择植物 The second stage is plant selection according to space types.
街道绿化意味着沿小巷种植树木，形成能够抵抗恶劣环境的灌木和多年生植物群。除了根据功能选择植物外，色彩搭配也是考虑的因素，无论是树皮、树叶、果实还是花朵，至少20%的绿化植物应该是彩色的。根据植物的开花时间进行挑选，这样可以预测每月的颜色变化，为庭院提供理想的季节性色彩方案。传统上，常绿针叶树因其鲜艳的色彩而成为景观的亮点，这与乌拉尔和西伯利亚的气候条件尤其相关。
Street greening implies planting trees alley-wise, forming shrub and perennial groups resistant to harsh environments. Apart from choosing plants in line with their functions, colour schemes are also considered. A minimum of 20% of greenery should be coloured, whether it is the bark, leaves, fruit or blossoms. The plants are picked according to their flowering time, allowing of predictable monthly colour change and a desirable seasonal colour scheme for the courtyard. Traditionally, evergreen conifers are the highlights of any landscape due to their bright colours, which is especially relevant for the Ural and Siberian climatic conditions.
▽俄罗斯新西伯利亚“European riverfront”小区庭院彩色植物 Courtyard in the microdistrict “European riverfront”, Novosibirsk, Russia
▽俄罗斯叶卡捷琳堡“Solnechny”住宅区冬季庭院中的常绿针叶树 Evergreen conifers in the winter courtyard of the residential area “Solnechny”, Yekaterinburg, Russia
尽管有分区，但绿化仍应均匀分布于整个区域。落叶灌木与针叶树、树篱和多年生植物的比例约为1:1。一些项目背景及其环境条件可能会有所不同，但该原则仍然适用。
Despite the zone division, greening should be evenly spread across the whole area. The ratio of deciduous shrubs to conifers, hedges and perennials stands approximately at 1 to 1. The project context and its environment may vary but the principles still apply.
▽俄罗斯叶卡捷琳堡“Sukhodolsky quarter”庭院 Courtyard in the “Sukhodolsky quarter”, Yekaterinburg, Russia
发展动植物生态系统 The next stage is the development of flora and fauna ecosystems
这是设计师设计雨水花园并评估利用选定植物创建自然生物多样性区域的重要一步。例如，如果花坛被设想为雨水花园，那么它们应该包含可以抵抗洪水的灌木。如果一条街道被设计为生态走廊，那么它应该包含多年生蜜源植物、作为鸟类天堂的针叶树和昆虫旅馆。所有这些筛选条件都限制了植物的选择范围，只留下经过试验和测试的、非常适合特定环境的物种。在这一阶段，所有被选定的植物都要进行抗寒性或气候适应性筛选，以及测试它们对阴凉或阳光充足地点的偏好。
This is the step where architects design rain gardens and assess opportunities to create natural biodiversity zones drawing on selected plants. For instance, if flower beds are conceived as a rain garden, they should contain flood resistant shrubs. If a street is designed as an ecological corridor, it should comprise perennial melliferous plants, conifers as a haven for birds, and bug hotels. All these filters restrict the plant range, leaving only the tried and tested species, well suited for specific environments. At this stage all selected plants are also screened for cold-resistance or climate adaptability, as well as their preference for shady or sunny locations.
▽ 俄罗斯叶卡捷琳堡“Sukhodolsky quarter”的鸟类投食器 Bird feeder in the “Sukhodolsky quarter”, Yekaterinburg, Russia
街道和庭院的设计经历了上述所有阶段。唯一的区别是，庭院分区更加多元，包括运动场和游乐场、舒适的休闲空间、消防通道、房屋入户区、私人露台临街区、绿色缓冲区和步行区。庭院的几何结构通过硬质景观、不同的铺装、草坪、路面、绿化和使用挡土墙等独特元素来实现。植物将房屋与庭院分隔开来，灌木和树则起到了美化环境的作用，形成了一个绿色缓冲区。
All the above mentioned stages are used while designing both the street, and the courtyard. The only difference is that the courtyard gets more zoning variety with sports grounds and playgrounds, cosy recreational spaces, fire access roads, house entrance zones, private terrace frontage areas, green buffers and pedestrian zones. The courtyard geometry is achieved by means of hardscaping, varied paving, lawns, surfacing, greening and using distinctive elements, such as retaining walls. Creating a green buffer, plants divide the house from the courtyard, while shrubs and trees act as landscaping instruments.
▽俄罗斯叶卡捷琳堡“Sukhodolsky quarter”庭院分区 Zoning of the courtyard in the “Sukhodolsky quarter”, Yekaterinburg, Russia
▽俄罗斯秋明“European quarter”休闲区景观设计 Landscaping of recreation areas in the “European quarter”, Tyumen, Russia
▽俄罗斯秋明“Vidny”小区游客停车场的景观美化 Landscaping of guest parking lots in the microdistrict “Vidny”, Tyumen, Russia
▽俄罗斯新西伯利亚“European riverfront”小区入口附近的绿色缓冲区 Green buffers near the entrance to the entrance in the microdistrict “European riverfront”, Novosibirsk, Russia
人们非常重视笔直树木的运用，它们能塑造街道空间和庭院设计。在街道上，挺拔的树冠使零售店店面呈现在行人和驾驶人视线中，而这样的树木在庭院里往往也能形成阴凉的休闲区。Brusnika制定的内部景观设计原则也适用于庭院绿化，通过专业人员的精心规划，使景观与建筑相结合。为了说明这一点，我们可以想象这样一个整体组合：一棵被灌木丛环绕的大树，人们在入口门廊处便能注意到其存在，或者根据精心布置的绿化植物而规划清晰的路线。
Great emphasis is placed on straight trees, which shape street space and courtyard design. An elevated crown opens the retail front to both pedestrians and motorists. Such trees create shaded recreational zones inside the yard. The principles of landscape design also apply to courtyard greening as professionals carefully plan the combination of landscape and architecture. To exemplify this, one can consider an integral composition comprising a tree surrounded by a clump of shrubs made visible from an entrance porch, or observable routes planned due to carefully arranged greenery.
▽ 俄罗斯叶卡捷琳堡“Solnechny”住宅区庭院 Courtyard in the residential area “Solnechny”, Yekaterinburg, Russia
一旦项目设计完成并获得批准，就必须购买植物。每年12月，Brusnika的景观设计师都会编制一份来年5月要种植的植物种类汇总表。随后，在春天，通常是在3月，公司的专业人员会前往欧洲或俄罗斯的苗圃选择植物。选择一棵树大约需要2分钟，这包括测量树木胸径（乔木主干离地表面1.3米处测量），并标记树木是否符合所有要求，此外专家们还会检查树冠的对称性，确保没有病虫害。这些步骤使Brusnika只能获得高质量的成年树。该公司每年种植500多棵树，50000株灌木和多年生植物。
为了不断扩大植物种类的范围，Brusnika公司与Rosselkhoznadzor（联邦兽医和植物卫生监督局）合作，以便在现有的允许从欧洲苗圃进口的植物清单上添加更多品种。定期开展这项工作有助于避免海关问题和边境运输延误，这可能会导致植物的状态恶化。至于当地的苗圃，由于新的供应商符合公司的技术规定，他们库存中的植物种类每年都在增加。此外，景观团队还与苗圃合作，以繁殖和培育新的植物品种：Brusnika每年会将10到20种实验树种运用到项目中，然后将生根良好的品种添加到测试的植物集合中。处理独特植物的另一种方法是在当地植物园中繁殖这些品种，然后再运用到公司的具体项目中。
Once the project has been designed and approved, plants have to be purchased. Each December Brusnika’s landscape architects compile a summary table of species to be planted out next May. Later, in the spring, normally in March, the landscape workshop professionals travel to European or Russian nurseries to choose plants. It takes about 2 minutes to pick one tree. This involves measuring the trunk in circumference at 1.3 metres above the root flare and mark the tree if it meets all the requirements. The specialists also check for the crown symmetry, and make sure there are no pests or diseases. These steps enable Brusnika to obtain only high quality adult trees. The company plants over 500 trees and 50 000 shrubs and perennials annually.
In order to continuously expand the range of plant species, Brusnika collaborates with Rosselkhoznadzor (The Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Supervision) so that it can add to the existing list of plants allowed to be imported from European nurseries. Doing this work on a regular basis helps to avoid customs problems and transportation delays on the border, which may lead to plants’ state deterioration. As for local nurseries, the range of plants in their stock grows annually due to new suppliers, who comply with technological regulations of the company. Moreover, the landscape team cooperates with nurseries in order to propagate and cultivate new plant varieties: each year Brusnika’s projects comprise from 10 to 20 experimental species of trees. The cultivars that take root well are then added to the collection of tested plants. Another way of dealing with unique plants is to propagate these cultivars in local botanical gardens and subsequently utilise them in the company’s projects.
▽ 俄罗斯叶卡捷琳堡“Shishimskaya gorka”居住区的热带植物实验物种 Experimental species of tropical plants in the residential area “Shishimskaya gorka”, Yekaterinburg, Russia
▽俄罗斯叶卡捷琳堡“Solnechny”住宅区准备种植的植物 Preparing plants for planting in the residential area “Solnechny”, Yekaterinburg, Russia
采用平板卡车将植物从苗圃运达种植点，交付后，将通过视频和照片捕获对它们进行检查，以记录植物的状态，如果植物受损，园艺师会提出处理方法。获得批准的植物随后被转移到临时仓库，在那里按照规范进行保存，包括定期浇水、保护根系、确保树木之间有足够的间距、在下面使用安全的非加热材料等等。当项目开始时，植物被运输到现场，他们首先被修剪，然后被种入种植穴内。穴中装满了由天然成分和替代品组成的盆栽堆肥，这能够使植物生根并促进其生长。Brusnika专门研发了一种特殊成分以确保植物根系营养，通过向种植穴中添加堆肥混合物，即使土壤受到行人和车辆的持续影响也不会变硬，树木也能获得足够的水分和矿物质。然后，在植物周围安装自动灌溉系统。
To reach the planting location, plants are transported from the nursery in flatbed trucks. Once delivered, they are examined with video and photo capture to record the plants state. If a plant is damaged, gardeners suggest ways of treatment. The plants that have been approved are then transferred to a temporary storehouse, where they are kept in compliance with the norms, which comprise regular watering, protecting the root system, ensuring sufficient distance between the trees, using safe non-heated material underneath and so forth. When the season starts, the plants are transported to the project site. They are first pruned and then prepared to be planted out by digging planting holes. These are filled with potting compost composed of natural ingredients and substitutes. This enables plants to take root and boosts their growth. Brusnika has developed a special composition to ensure the root system nutrition. By adding compost mix to the planting hole, the soil is prevented from firming due to the dynamic impact of pedestrians and vehicles, and the tree gets enough water and minerals. Automated irrigation systems are then placed around the plants.
▽俄罗斯秋明 “Novin”小区的自动灌溉系统 Automatic irrigation system in the quarter “Novin”, Tyumen, Russia
▽俄罗斯新西伯利亚“European riverfront”小区的树木根系保护设施 Protecting the root system of trees in the microdistrict “European riverfront”, Novosibirsk, Russia
项目完成后，所有的绿化都由Brusnika的景观部门监控。专家们负责控制修剪和浇水，测量土壤湿度，观察开花情况，并提供季节性准备。物业公司负责现场维护，并在三年内全面负责植物养护。
Having completed the project, all greenery is monitored by Brusnika’s landscape workshop. The specialists control pruning and watering, gauge soil humidity, observe flowering and provide seasonal preparations. On the spot maintenance is carried out by the property management company, which acquires full responsibility in maintenance and care in three years time.
▽ 俄罗斯叶卡捷琳堡“Shishimskaya gorka”居民区植物喷洒 Spraying plants in the residential area “Shishimskaya gorka”, Yekaterinburg, Russia
▽ 俄罗斯新西伯利亚 “European riverfront”小区的树木修剪 Tree pruning in the microdistrict “European riverfront”, Novosibirsk, Russia
▽ Brusnika已建成项目图集 Gallery of Brusnika’s project
项目主题：打造一流景观，公共改善的途径
设计公司：Brusnika in collaboration with Novascape, S&P Architektura Krajobrazu, Landmark architects.
图片来源：Brusnika
公司网址：https://ekaterinburg.brusnika.ru/company_eng/
Project Name: Creating first-class landscapes: an approach to public improvement
Design Firm: Brusnika in collaboration with Novascape, S&P Architektura Krajobrazu, Landmark architects.
Photos: Courtesy of Brusnika
Company website: https://ekaterinburg.brusnika.ru/company_eng/
“ Brusnika地产开发商通过回顾和分析自身项目经验，提出了一套公司内部的景观设计规范用以指导设计。”
审稿编辑: Simin
更多 Read more about: Brusnika
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